Komercjalizacja odpowiedzialności w polityce migracyjnej Unii Europejskiej


Abstrakt

Kontekst. Eksterytorializacja polityki Unii Europejskiej od  lat uznawana jest za  skuteczne narzędzie do zwalczania nielegalnej migracji. Kryzys migracyjny otworzył krytyczną dyskusję nad zgodnością działań zewnętrznych UE z  prawem międzynarodowym. Praktyka eksterytorializacji redefiniuje wartości świata Zachodu.
Cel. Identyfikujemy działania eksterytorialne UE w zakresie polityki azylowej i kontroli nielegalnej migracji. Analizie krytycznej poddaliśmy porozumienia z Libią i Turcją. Na gruncie teoretycznym zauważyliśmy potrzebę rozszerzenia koncepcji komercjalizacji suwerenności Gammeltofta-Hansena. Zaproponowaliśmy termin komercjalizacji odpowiedzialności. Nasza propozycja stanowi połączenie pojęć z zakresu eksterytorializacji, szkodliwych praktyk państw i towarzyszących temu konsekwencji dla praw człowieka.
Metodologia. Posłużyliśmy się metodologią jakościową nauk społecznych i  nauk o polityce. Utrzymując podejście krytyczne, dokonaliśmy przeglądu literatury narracyjnej. Ponadto przeprowadziliśmy pogłębioną analizę aktów normatywnych.
Wyniki. Praktyki eksterytorialne od  dekad są nieodłącznym elementem polityki migracyjnej UE. Potwierdziły to przykłady porozumień z Libią i Turcją. Celowe działania polityczne i komercjalizacja odpowiedzialności ukazały, że respektowanie praw człowieka stało się opcjonalne. W naszym przekonaniu oddelegowywanie odpowiedzialności do państw trzecich jest nie tylko widocznym przejawem zachodniej hipokryzji, ale też upadkiem aksjologicznych fundamentów Unii Europejskiej.


Słowa kluczowe

komercjalizacja odpowiedzialności; Libia; Turcja; eksterytorializacja; polityka migracyjna; uchodźcy; Unia Europejska

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Opublikowane : 2021-03-30


Szulc, N., & Szymaniak, A. (2021). Komercjalizacja odpowiedzialności w polityce migracyjnej Unii Europejskiej. Sprawy Międzynarodowe, 73(3), 141-169. https://doi.org/10.35757/SM.2020.73.3.08

Natalia Szulc  natalia.szulc@amu.edu.pl
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu  Polska
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-7563
Adam Szymaniak 
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu  Polska
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7509-613X