Mechanizmy indonezyjskiej zbrodni z 1965 r. w świetle najnowszych ustaleń


Abstrakt

The article aims to analyse the mechanisms of Indonesian mass killings between 1965 and 1966 in light of the latest reports. The author refers to the most recent academic research, as well as the verdict announced in 2016 by the International People’s Tribunal in the Hague on the 1965 Crimes against Humanity in Indonesia (IPT 1965).
Available sources confirm the thesis advanced by the researchers of the Indonesian political upheaval since the early 1980s that mass violence in the archipelago should be understood as a crime against humanity carried out by the military in an organised manner, with a declared intent to annihilate the main political rival, the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI).
The author focuses on the issues of the organisation and morphology of violence, its ethnic dimension, as well as the problem of the international and internal negation of genocide in Indonesia, and the related issues of transitional justice.


Słowa kluczowe

Indonezja; 1965; ludobójstwo; Indonezyjska Partia Komunistyczna; sprawiedliwość okresu przejściowego; IPT 1965

Aspinall E., Semi-opponents in power. The Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Soekarnoputri presidencies, [w:] Soeharto’s New Order and its legacy. Essays in honour of Harold Crouch, ed. E. Aspinall, G. Fealy, ANU E Press, Canberra 2010.

Behlil M., „The look of silence”. An interview with Joshua Oppenheimer and Adi Rukun, „Cineaste” 2015, vol. 40, No. 3.

Chalk F., Jonasshon K., The history and sociology of genocide. Analyses and case studies, Yale University Press, New Haven 1990.

Chomsky N., Herman E. S., The political economy of human rights, vol. 1: The Washington connection and third world fascism, South End Press, Boston 1979.

Conroe A., The efficacy of „dangerous” knowledge. „Children of victims” in Indonesia after 1965, [w:] The Indonesian genocide of 1965. Causes, dynamics and legacies, ed. K. McGregor, J. Melvin, A. Pohlman, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

Cribb R., Genocide in Indonesia, 1965–1966, „Journal of Genocide Research” 2001, vol. 3, No. 2, DOI: 10.1080/713677655.

Cribb R., Unresolved problems in the Indonesian killings of 1965–1966, „Asian Survey” 2002, vol. 42, No. 4.

Cribb R., Ford M., The killings of 1965–66, „Inside Indonesia” [online], Edition 99, 24 I 2010 [dostęp: 10 VIII 2018], dostępny w internecie: <http://www.insideindonesia.org/the-killings-of-1965-66>.

Dróżdż D., Zbrodnia ludobójstwa w międzynarodowym prawie karnym, Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa 2010.

Dwyer L., A politics of silences. Violence, memory, and treacherous speech in post-1965 Bali, [w:] Genocide, truth, memory and representation. Anthropological approaches, ed. A. Hinton, K. O’Neill, Duke University Press, Durham, NC 2009.

Dwyer L., Santikarma D., “When the world turned into chaos”. 1965 and its aftermath in Bali, Indonesia, [w:] The specter of genocide. Mass murder in historical perspective, ed. R. Gellately, B. Kiernan, Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Eickhoff M., Klinken G. van, Robinson G., 1965 today. Living with the Indonesian massacres, „Journal of Genocide Research” 2017, vol. 19, issue 4.

Feierstein D., The concept of genocide and the partial destruction of the national group, „Logos. A Journal of Modern Society & Culture” 2012, vol. 11, issue 1, dostępny także w internecie [dostęp: 18 II 2019]: <http://logosjournal.com/2012/winter_feierstein/>.

Forbidden memories. Women’s experiences of 1965 in Eastern Indonesia, ed. M. Kolimon, L. Wetangterah, K. Campbell-Nelson, Monash University Publishing, Clayton 2015.

Genocide. A critical bibliographic review, vol. 2, ed. I. W. Charny, Facts on File, New York 1991.

Genocide, truth, memory and representation. Anthropological approaches, ed. A. Hinton, K. O’Neill, Duke University Press, Durham, NC 2009.

Głąb K., Święte Muzeum Pancasila. Muzeum martyrologiczne budujące tożsamość narodu indonezyjskiego, „Muzealnictwo” 2017, t. 58.

Griswold D., Indonesia. The second greatest crime of the century, 3 ed., World View, Atlanta 1979.

Hearman V., Unmarked graves. Death and survival in the anti-communist violence in East Java, Indonesia, NUS Press 2018.

Heryanto A., State terrorism and political identity in Indonesia. Fatally belonging, Routledge, London–New York 2006.

The Indonesian genocide of 1965. Causes, dynamics and legacies, ed. K. McGregor, J. Melvin, A. Pohlman, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

The International People’s Tribunal for 1965 and the Indonesian genocide, ed. S. E. Wieringa, A. Pohlman, J. Melvin, Routledge, New York 2019.

Jarvis H., Wieringa S. E., The Indonesian massacres as genocide, [w:] The International People’s Tribunal for 1965 and the Indonesian genocide, ed. S. E. Wieringa, A. Pohlman, J. Melvin, Routledge, New York 2019.

Jones M., Confl ict and confrontation in South East Asia, 1961–1965. Britain, United States, Indonesia and the creation of Malaysia, Cambridge 2002.

McGregor K., Melvin J., Pohlman A., New interpretations of the causes, dynamics and legacies of the Indonesian genocide, [w:] The Indonesian genocide of 1965. Causes, dynamics and legacies, ed. K. McGregor, J. Melvin, A. Pohlman, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

McVey R., The rise of Indonesian communism, Equinox Publishing, Jakarta–Singapore 2006.

Melvin J., The army and the Indonesian genocide. Mechanics of mass murder, Routledge, London–New York 2018.

Melvin J., Mechanics of mass murder. A case for understanding the Indonesian killings as genocide, „Journal of Genocide Research” 2017, vol. 19, issue 4.

Melvin J., Why not genocide? Anti-Chinese violence in Aceh, 1965–1966, „Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs” 2013, vol. 32, No. 3.

Nijakowski L., Rozkosz zemsty. Socjologia historyczna mobilizacji ludobójczej, Wydawnictwo Naukowe „Scholar”, Warszawa 2013.

Pohlman A., Sexual violence as torture. Crimes against humanity during the 1965–66 killings in Indonesia, „Journal of Genocide Research” 2017, vol. 19, issue 4, DOI: 10.1080/14623528.2017.1393949.

Poulgrain G., The genesis of Konfrontasi. Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia, 1945–1965, Strategic Information and Research Development Centre, Bathurst 1998.

Reconciling Indonesia. Grassroots agency for peace, ed. K. Bräuchler, Routledge, New York 2009.

Robinson G., The dark side of paradise. Political violence in Bali, Cornell University Press 1998.

Robinson G., „Down to the very roots”. The Indonesian army’s role in the mass killings of 1965–66, „Journal of Genocide Research” 2017, vol. 19, issue 4, DOI: 10.1080/14623528.2017.1393935.

Robinson G., The killing season. A history of the Indonesian massacres, Princeton University Press, Princeton 2018 (Human Rights and Crimes Against Humanity, 29).

Roosa J., Pretext for mass murder. The September 30 th Movement & Suharto’s Coup d'État in Indonesia, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison 2006.

Roosa J., Ratih A., Farid H., Pengantar. Sejarah lisan dan ingatan sosial, [w:] Tahun yang tak pernah berakhir. Memahami pengalaman korban 65, ed. J. Roosa, A. Ratih, H. Farid, Lembaga Studi dan Advokasi Masyarakat (ELSAM), Tim Relawan untuk Kemanusiaan, Institut Sejarah Sosial Indonesia, Jakarta 2004.

Schabas W., Genocide in international law. The crimes of crimes, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2009.

Siauw Giok Tjhan, G30S dan Kejahatan Negara, Ultimus, Bandung 2015.

Soeharto’s New Order and its legacy. Essays in honour of Harold Crouch, ed. E. Aspinall, G. Fealy, ANU E Press, Canberra 2010.

The specter of genocide. Mass murder in historical perspective, ed. R. Gellately, B. Kiernan, Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Sulistyo H., Palu arit di ladang tebu. Sejarah pembantaian massal yang terlupakan, Gramedia, Jakarta 2000.

Tahun yang tak pernah berakhir. Memahami pengalaman korban 65, ed. J. Roosa, A. Ratih, H. Farid, Lembaga Studi dan Advokasi Masyarakat (ELSAM), Tim Relawan untuk Kemanusiaan, Institut Sejarah Sosial Indonesia, Jakarta 2004.

Taylor J. G., Indonesia. Peoples and histories, Yale University Press, New Haven–London 2003.

Traverso E., Historia jako pole bitwy. Interpretacja przemocy w XX wieku, przeł. Ś. F. Nowicki, Instytut Wydawniczy „Książka i Prasa”, Warszawa 2014.

Ümit Üngör U., Adler N., Indonesia in the global context of genocide and transitional justice, „Journal of Genocide Research” 2017, vol. 19, issue 4.

Vickers A., A history of modern Indonesia, Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Wahyuningroem S. L., Towards post-transitional justice. The failures of transitional justice and the roles of civil society in Indonesia, „Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights” 2019, vol. 3, No. 1, DOI: 10.19184/jseahr.v3i1.11497.

Wierczyńska K., Współczesny wymiar zbrodni ludobójstwa, „Studia Socjologiczno-Polityczne. Seria Nowa” 2015, nr 2 (4).

Wieringa S. E., The birth of the new order state in Indonesia. Sexual politics and nationalism, „Journal of Women’s History” 2003, vol. 15, No. 1.

Wieringa S. E., Sexual politics in Indonesia, Palgrave/MacMillan, Houndmills 2002.

Wieringa S. E., Sexual slander and the 1965/66 mass killings in Indonesia. Political and methodological considerations, „Journal of Contemporary Asia” 2011, vol. 41, No. 4.

Wieringa S. E., Katjasungkana N., Propaganda and the genocide in Indonesia. Imagined evil, Routledge, London 2018.

Pobierz

Opublikowane : 2019-09-27


Głąb, K. M. (2019). Mechanizmy indonezyjskiej zbrodni z 1965 r. w świetle najnowszych ustaleń. Sprawy Międzynarodowe, 72(3), 197-220. https://doi.org/10.35757/SM.2019.72.3.05

Katarzyna Marta Głąb 
Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies, Leiden; KITLV; SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny, Wydział Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych  Holandia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6395-2960