The perspectives of the development of paradiplomacy in the context of feminist foreign policy – the example of Spain
Abstract
The article aims to identify the perspectives of the development of paradiplomacy in the context of feminist foreign policy using the example of Spain. The author shows the relationship between the foreign policy of central government and the foreign activity of the regions and the place of sub-state actors in the central strategies of feminist foreign policy. The example of Spain and its recently published strategy was chosen due to the interchangeable application of the concept of foreign policy and external action and the clear distinction of the actors involved in the implementation of the paradigm. The comparative case study aims to show how the regions apply the practice of feminist foreign policy in their paradiplomacy strategies. On this basis, areas have been identified which, in this perspective, are fields for the development of the “feminist paradiplomacy” of the autonomous communities of Spain.
Keywords
paradiplomacy; feminist foreign policy; feminist paradiplomacy; autonomous communities; external action of regions
References
Aggestam K., Bergman-Rosamond A., Kronsell A., Theorising feminist foreign policy, “International Relations” 2019, vol. 33, p. 28.
Anderson E., Globe-trotting gender gap: Spain drops female diplomats, “The Local España” [online], 10 II 2016, [https://www.thelocal.es/20160210/number-of-female-ambassadors-plummeted-under-rajoy-report/].
Calvert P., The foreign policy of new states, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1986.
Cornago N., On the normalization of sub-state diplomacy, “The Hague Journal of Diplomacy” 2010, no. 5, p. 13.
Duchacek I. D., The international dimensions of subnational self-government, “Publius. The Journal of Federalism” 1984, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 30–31.
Durma K., Feministyczna polityka zagraniczna jako narzędzie promocji udziału kobiet w procesach związanych z bezpieczeństwem międzynarodowym i pokojem (kazus Szwecji), [in:] Kobiety w systemie bezpieczeństwa państwa, red. A. Gasztold, K. Oblińska, Warszawa 2021.
Handbook. Sweden’s feminist foreign policy, Government Offices of Sweden, Stockholm 2019, [https://www.government.se/4ae557/contentassets/fc115607a4ad4bca913cd8d11c2339dc/handbook--- swedens-feminist-foreign-policy.pdf].
Hocking B., Patrolling The “Frontier”: Globalization, localization and the ‘actorness’ of non-central governments, “Regional & Federal Studies” 1999, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 19.
Kopka-Piątek M., I. Reichardt I., Czy kobiety uratują świat? Feministyczna polityka zagraniczna, Fundacja im. Heinricha Boella, Warszawa 2020, [https://pl.boell.org/pl/2021/02/23/czy-kobiety-uratuja-swiat-feministyczna-polityka-zagraniczna].
Kuznetsov A. S., Theory and practice of paradiplomacy. Subnational governments in international affairs, Routledge, New York 2015.
Lombardo E., Gender equality policies in Spain – update, “European Parliament” 2016, [https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/stud/2016/583112/ipol_stu(2016)583112_en.pdf].
Lombardo E., M. León M., Políticas de igualdad de género y sociales en España: origen, desarrollo y desmantelamiento en un contexto de crisis económica, “Investigaciones Feministas” 2014, vol. 5, p. 27.
Michelmann H., Introduction, [in:] Foreign relations in federal countries, ed. H. Michelmann McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal & Kingston, London–Ithaca 2009, p. 3.
Morondo Taramundi D., Country report: Gender equality. How are EU rules transposed into national law? – Spain, “European Commission” 2021, [https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/d4c2abe5-f4ce-11eb-aeb9-01aa75ed71a1/language-en].
Pedro Sánchez points to feminist diplomacy as key tool to tackle global challenges, „Gobierno de España”, [https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/presidente/news/Paginas/2021/20210310feminist-guide.asp].
Political Science and Public Policy, ed. J. N. Rosenau, Chicago 1968.
Raś M., Aktywność międzynarodowa regionów Federacji Rosyjskiej, Dom Wydawniczy Elipsa, Warszawa 2018.
Soldatos P., An explanatory framework for the study of federated states as foreign-policy actors, [in:] eds H. J. Michelmann, P. Soldatos, Federalism and International Relations. The Role of Subnational Units, Oxford 1990.
“Spain is back”: An interview with Arancha González Laya, “Foro Permanente de Politica Exterior” 10 III 2021, [https://foropoliticaexterior.cl/spain-is-back-an-interview-with-arancha-gonzalez-laya/].
Szacawa D., Szwecja: równouprawnienie płci i feministyczna polityka zagraniczna, „Komentarz IEŚ 356 (53.2021)”, [https://ies.lublin.pl/komentarze/szwecja-rownouprawnienie-plci-i-feministyczna-polityka-zagraniczna/].
Thomson J., What’s feminist about feminist foreign policy? Sweden’s and Canada’s foreign policy agendas, “International Studies Perspectives” 2020, no. 21, pp. 429–432.
Valiente C., Gender Equality policymaking in Spain (2008–11): Losing momentum, [in:] eds Field B. N., Botti A., Politics and society in contemporary Spain. Europe in transition, The NYU European Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2013.
Vidal M., Sánchez: “Éste es un Gobierno feminista y no tiene complejo alguno”, “Cronica Global” [online], 17 VIII 2018, [https://cronicaglobal.elespanol.com/politica/sanchez-gobierno-feminista_155867_102.html].
Wolff S., Paradiplomacy: Scope, opportunities, and challenges, “The Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs” 2007, vol. 10, p. 141.
University of Warsaw Poland
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7772-4275
Doktorantka w Szkole Doktorskiej Nauk Społecznych Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution – NonCommercial – ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
