Kultura i ekonomia w procesie integracji muzułmanów europejskich
Abstrakt
The clash between the West and Islam in Western Europe has a double character: religious and sexual. A new World Value Survey shows that we differ extremely in attitudes toward gender equality and sexual liberalization. The sexual clash of civilizations appears not only inside the societies receiving immigrants but also within the immigrant societies and through immigrants’ children. The West and Islam are not monolithic opposite sides of conflict — Europeans and Muslims express a wide spectrum of attitudes on moral issues. Europeans and Muslims want democracy, but the Muslims want sharia as a source of legislation too. The clash of cultures in Europe is provoked by economic recession. The clash of values between the second and the third immigrant generations, and between man and woman is especially pronounced in French Muslim suburbs. Unemployed fathers have lost their position to “older brothers”, who imposed the specific “macho-culture” oppressive to young women, which are perceived to be too liberal.
Bibliografia
Bourdieu Pierre, 1991, Préface, w: Abdelmalek Sayad, L’immigration ou les paradoxes de l’altérité, De Boeck Université, Bruxelles.
Bujis Frank J., Rath Jan, 2002, Muslim in Europe: The State for Research, Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
Cesari Jocelyne, 1994, Être musulman en France, Karthala–Iremam, Paris–Aix-en-Provence.
Esposito John L., Mogahed Dalia, 2008, Who Speaks for Islam? What a Billion Muslims Really Think, Gallup Press, New York.
Harrison Lawrence E., Huntington Samuel P. (red.), 2003, Kultura ma znaczenie. Jak wartości wpływają na rozwój społeczeństw, tłum. Sławomir Dymczyk, Zysk i S-ka, Poznań.
Huntington Samuel P., 2001 [1996], Zderzenie cywilizacji, tłum. Hanna Jankowska, Muza, Warszawa.
Inglehart Ronald, Norris Pippa, 2003a, Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change around the World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Inglehart Ronald, Norris Pippa, 2003b, The True Clash of Civilizations, „Foreign Policy”, nr 135, s. 62–70.
Inglehart Ronald, Norris Pippa, 2009, Muslim Integration into Western Cultures: Between Origins and Destinations (http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~pnorris/Acrobat/Muslim%20Integration%20Into%20Western%20Societies.pdf).
Inglehart Ronald, Welzel Christian, 2005, Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Jones Trevor, 1993, Britain’s Ethnic Minority, Policy Studies Institute, London.
Kepel Gilles, 2006, Fitna. Wojna w sercu islamu, tłum. Katarzyna Pachniak, Dialog, Warszawa.
Kohut Andrew, 2006, Islam and the West: Searching for Common Ground, Pew Global Attitudes Project (http://pewglobal.org/2006/07/18/islam-and-the-west-searching-for-common-ground).
Modood Tariq, Berthoud Richard, 1997, Ethnic Minorities in Britain — Diversity and Disadvantage, Policy Studies Institute, London.
Mogahed Dalia, 2005, Perspectives of Women in the Muslim World, Gallup Center for Muslim Studies (http://www.muslimwestfacts.com/mwf/105673/Perspectives-Women-Muslim-World.aspx).
Mogahed Dalia, 2006, Islam and Democracy: Muslim World Residents See No Conflict between Religious Principles and Democratic Values, Gallup Center for Muslim Studies (http://www.muslimwestfacts.com/mwf/105643/Islam-Democracy.aspx).
Pasamonik Barbara, 2006a, Problem with Islam? Gender, Sex and Clash of Civilizations, „The International Affairs Review”, nr 1.
Pasamonik Barbara, 2006b, Integracja bez asymilacji? Zderzenie Islamu i Zachodu w Europie, w: Obywatelstwo i tożsamość w społeczeństwach zróżnicowanych kulturowo i na pograniczach, Małgorzata Bieńkowska-Ptasznik, Kazimierz Krzysztofek, Adam Sadowski (red.), Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, Białystok.
Peach Ceri, Vertovec Steven, 1997, Islam in Europe — the Politics of Religion and Community, University of Warwick, Basingstoke.
Pędziwiatr Konrad, 2005, Od islamu imigrantów do islamu obywateli. Muzułmanie w krajach Europy Zachodniej, Nomos, Kraków.
Pryce-Jones David, 2004, The Islamisation of Europe?, „Commentary”, nr 12.
Rheault Magali, 2007, Majorities Support Women’s Rights in North Africa: Most Men Agree with Principles of Gender Equality (http://www.muslimwestfacts.com/mwf/ 29101/Majorities-Support-Womens-Rights-North-Africa-110807.aspx).
Rheault Magali, Mogahed Dalia, 2008a, Common Ground for Europeans and Muslims Among Them: Similar Views on Honor Killings, Crimes of Passion, the Death Penalty; Gallup Center for Muslim Studies (http://www.gallup.com/poll/107521/common-ground-europeans-muslims-among-them.aspx).
Rheault Magali, Mogahed Dalia, 2008b, Iranians, Egyptians, Turks: Contrasting Views on Sharia In Egypt, Gallup Center for Muslim Studies (http://www.muslimwestfacts.com/mwf/108739/Iranians-Egyptians-Turks-Contrasting-Views-Sharia.aspx).
Rheault Magali, Mogahed Dalia, 2008c, Moral Issues Divide Westerners From Muslims in the West: Views Differ Most on Sexual Freedoms, Abortion, Gallup Center for Muslim Studies (http://www.gallup.com/poll/107512/moral-issues-divide-westerners-from-muslims-west.aspx).
Tribalat Michèle, 1995, Faire France. Une grande enquête sur les immigrés et leurs enfants, Broché, Paris.
Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej Polska
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7407-6807
Ten utwór jest dostępny na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa-Użycie niekomercyjne-Na tych samych warunkach 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
