“The Others” in Music. Based on the Example of Gypsy Music
Abstract
Since the publication of Franz Liszt’s book Des Bohemiens et de leur musique en Hongrie in 1859 Gypsy music has become the constant cause of academic disputes. In European culture Gypsy music was described as an emanation of the concept of “Others”. In musicological literature two dominant codes of presenting Gypsy music can be distinguished: the racial discourse — drawing heavily on Darwinian theory practices and national perspective resulting from the 19th century tendencies. Consequently Gypsy music was proclaimed the only real source of Hungarian national music. The writings on Gypsy music are also characterized by the evident fascination with non-European cultures and the exotic features of Gypsy music. The aim of the article is to outline how European authors undertaking the problem of Gypsy music (Franz Liszt and Bela Bartók) mitigated between the two approaches depending on the historical context within which they wrote their works.
Keywords
Gypsy music; race in music; national music; Liszt; Bartók
References
Bielawski Ludwik, 1999, Tradycje ludowe w kulturze muzycznej, Instytut Sztuki PAN, Warszawa.
Brown Julie, 2000, Bartók, the Gypsies and the Hybridity in Music, w: Georgina Born, David Hesmondhalgh (red.), Western Music and Its Others: Difference, Representation, and Appropriation in Music, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Clifford James, Marcus George E. (red.), 1986, Writing Culture, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Cocchiara Giuseppe, 1971, Dzieje folklorystyki w Europie, tłum. Wojciech Jekiel, PIW, Warszawa.
Dahlhaus Carl, 1985, Between Romanticism and Modernism: Four Studies in the Music of the Later Nineteenth Century, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Desfor Edles Laura, 2002, Cultural Sociology in Practice, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
Dziębowska Elżbieta, 1971, O polskiej szkole narodowej, w: Zofia Chechlińska (red.), Szkice o kulturze muzycznej XIX wieku, PWN, Warszawa.
Frigyesi Judit, 1998, Bela Bartók and the Turn of the Century, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Hindemith Paul, 1952, A Composer’s World: Horizons and Limitations, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Malvinni David, 2004, The Gypsy Caravan: From Real Roma to Imaginary Gypsies in Western Music and Film, Routledge, New York–London.
Murphy Michael, 2001, Introduction, w: Harry White, Michael Murphy (red.), Musical Constructions of Nationalism: Essays on the History and Ideology of European Musical Culture 1800–1945, Cork University Press, Cork.
Nohl Ludwig, 1879, Franz Liszt’s Writings on Music, „The Musical Times and Singing-Class Circular”, t. 20, nr 440.
Pobożniak Tadeusz, 1972, Cyganie, Polska Akademia Nauk, Kraków.
Radono Ronald, Bohlman Philip V., 2000, Introduction, w: Ronald Radono, Philip V. Bohlman (red.), Music and the Racial Imagination, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago–London.
Said Edward W., 2005, Orientalizm, tłum. Monika Wyrwas-Wiśniewska, Zysk i S-ka, Poznań.
Schoenberg Arnold, 1975, Folk Music and Nationalism, w: Arnold Schoenberg, Style and Idea, Faber and Faber, London–Boston.
Sinclair A. T., 1908, Gypsy and Oriental Musical Instruments, „The Journal of American Folklore”, t. 21, nr 81.
Stęszewski Jan, 1996, „Lexikon der Juden in der Musik” z perspektywy współczesnej i polskiej, w: Maciej Jabłoński, Janina Tatarska (red.), Muzyka i totalitaryzm, Ars Nowa, Poznań.
Szymanowski Karol, 1925, Zagadnienie „ludowości” w stosunku do muzyki współczesnej (Na marginesie artykułu Beli Bartóka „U źródeł muzyki ludowej”), „Muzyka” nr 10.
Taruskin Richard, 2001, Nationalism, w: Stanley Sadie (red.), New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Macmillan Publishers, London.
Tuchowski Andrzej, 1998, Rasistowskie podstawy narodowosocjalistycznej myśli w muzyce, „Muzyka”, nr 1.
Wagner Richard, 1964, Wagner on Music and Drama: A Compendium of Richard Wagner’s Prose Works, tłum. H. Ashton Ellis, E. P. Dutton, New York.
Waldenfels Bernhard, 2002, Topografia obcego, tłum. Janusz Sidorek, Oficyna Naukowa, Warszawa.
Jagiellonian University Poland
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
