Deinstytucjonalizacja jako ruch społeczny
Abstrakt
The article describes the history of the idea and phenomenon of deinstitutionalisation, that is, the process of transforming care institutions, in particular transferring their competences to local communities. These processes are illustrated using examples from the United States and Europe, discussions that have been going on there for decades, and the experiments and solutions being implemented in those regions. In this study, however, the phenomenon of deinstitutionalisation goes beyond a purely technical problem related to a change in the concept of managing the fate of people who are ill, disabled or affected by various social problems, such as homelessness. Here, deinstitutionalisation is above all a manifestation of the activities of social actors; that is, a social movement. The movement is not so much of a consensual nature, focused on the rationalisation of aid, as it is an ethical and even a conflict-oriented movement, in other words, a ‘new social movement’. The movement : (1) is represented by specific social actors: organisations and their leaders; (2) has its resources, values and identity to lobby for new legislation, implementation of new care and health practices, as well as shaping political and social attitudes in this sector; and, finally, (3) performs evaluative and critical functions, and is, therefore, a kind of ‘epistemic community’ that disseminated certain knowledge and demanded the implementation of the resulting practices.
Bibliografia
Bachrach L., A conceptual approach to deinstitutionalization, „Hospital & Community Psychiatry” 1975, vol. 29, nr 9, s. 573–578.
Ben-Moshe L., Decarcerating Disability; Deinstitutionalization and Prison Abolition, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 2020.
Boltanski L., Chiapello È., The New Spirit of Capitalism, Verso, London–New York 2005.
Bowlby J., Maternal care and mental health, World Health Organization report, Geneva 1951.
Campling P., Therapeutic communities, „Advances in Psychiatric Treatment” 2001, vol. 7, s. 365–372.
Crossley N., Transforming the Mental Health Field: The Early History of the National Association for Mental Health, „Sociology of Health & Illness” 1998, no. 20(4), s. 458–488, DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.00111.
Crossley N., Contesting Psychiatry. Social Movements in Mental Health, Routledge, London 2005.
Cummins I.D., From Hero of the Counterculture to Risk Assessment. A Consideration of Two Portrayals of the „Psychiatric Patient”, „Illness Crisis & Loss” 2016, no. 26(2), s. 111–123
Doerner K., Madmen and the Bourgeoisie: A Social History of Insanity and Psychiatry, Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1984.
Deutsch A., The Mentally Ill in America, Columbia University Press, New York 1949.
Foucault M., Madness and Civilization. A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason, Pantheon Books, New York 1965.
Goffman E., Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates, Doubleday, New York 1961.
Goldman H., Morrissey J., Bachrach L., Deinstitutionalization in international perspective: variations on a theme, „International Journal of Mental Health” 1982, vol. 11, no. 4, s. 153–165, tu: 154, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41344305 (dostęp: 29.06.2023).
Goldstein J.L., Godemont M.M.L., The Legend and Lessons of Geel, Belgium: A 1500-Year-Old Legend, a 21st-Century Model, „Community Mental Health Journal” 2003, vol. 39, no. 5, s. 441–458.
Gruenberg M.E., Social Breakdown Syndrome and its Prevention, 1974, https://www.freepsychotherapybooks.org/ebook/the-social-breakdown-syndrome-and-its-prevention/ (dostęp: 29.06.2023).
Holland D., The Current Status of Disability Activism and Non-Governmental Organizations in Post Communist Europe: Preliminary Findings Based on Reports from the Field, „Disability & Society” 2008, vol. 23, issue 6, s. 543–555.
Jacobson J.W., Mulick J.A., Can the culture of mental retardation be understood?, Symposium chaired at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Foundation, Washington, DC, August 1992.
Jones K., A History of the Mental Health Services, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London–Boston 1972.
Jones K., Deinstitutionalization in Context, „The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. Health and Society” 1979, vol. 57, no. 4, s. 552–569.
Laing R.D., The Divided Self. An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness, Penguin, Harmondsworth 1960.
Lamb R.H., Bachrach L.L., Some Perspec tives on Deinstitutionalization, „Psychiatric Services” 2001, no. 52(8), s. 1039–1045.
Mladenov T., Petri G., Critique of deinstitutionalisation in postsocialist Central and Eastern Europe, „Disability & Society” 2020, vol. 35, no. 8, s. 1203–1226, DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2019.1680341.
Neveu É., Sociologie des mouvements sociaux, La Découverte, Paris 2011.
Platt A.M., The Origins and Development of the „Wild Beast” Concept of Mental Illness and Its Relation to Theories of Criminal Responsibility, „Issues in Criminology” 1965, vol. 1, no. 1, s. 1–18.
Ridenour N., Mental Health in the United States, Harvard University Press, The Commonwealth Fund, 1961, DOI: 10.4159/harvard.9780674420267.
Rothman D.J., The Discovery of the Asylum, Little, Brown & co., Boston 1971.
Scull A., „Community Care”: Historical Perspective on Deinstitutionalization, „Perspectives in Biology and Medicine” 2021, vol. 64, no. 1, s. 70–81.
Segal S.P., Community care and deinstitutionalization: A review, „Social Work” 1979, vol. 24, no. 6, s. 521–527.
Špidla V., „Towards Inclusion” 2020, http://www.inclusion-europe.eu/speech-spidla-towards-inclusion-deinstitutionalisation/ (dostęp: 29.06.2023 ).
Szasz T., The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct, Hoeber–Harper, New York 1961.
Tümer S.D., Die Krüppelbewegung – eine Emanzipationsbewegung der 1970er Jahr, GRIN Verlag, 2010.
Turner T., The history of deinstitutionalization and reinstitutionalization, „Psychiatry” 2004, vol. 3, issue 9, s. 1–4, DOI: 10.1383/psyt.3.9.1.50257.
Veale D., Gilbert P., Wheatley J., Naismith I., A New Therapeutic Community: Development of a Compassion-Focussed and Contextual Behavioural Environment, „Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy”, 14.04.2014, DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1897.
Wall O., The British Anti-Psychiatrists. From Institutional Psychiatry to the Counter-Culture, 1960–1971, Routledge, New York 2017.
Warren S.D., The Dream of the Outside: Deinstitutionalization, Anti-psychiatry, and the Move Into the „Community”, 25.04.2021, https://www.unsoundmind.org/post/the-dream-of-the-outside-deinstitutionalization-anti-psychiatry-and-the-move-into-the-community (dostęp: 29.06.2023).
Whitaker R.H., Mad in America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill, Perseus Press, Cambridge 2002.
Wright E.R., Gronfein W.P., Owens T.J., Deinstitutionalization, social rejection, and the self-esteem of former mental patients, „Journal of Health and Social Behaviour” 2000, no. 41(1), s. 68–90.
Young I.M., Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton University Press, Princeton1990.
Centrum Europejskie Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego Polska
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0184-7839
Ten utwór jest dostępny na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa-Użycie niekomercyjne-Na tych samych warunkach 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
