Poland as a Democracy Exporter to the East? The Effectiveness of the International Role in the Example of Development Cooperation


Abstrakt

This article assesses the effectiveness of Poland’s development cooperation as a tool for realising the role of democracy (and broader – transition experiences) exporter. The assessment implements and adapts the framework presented by Justyna Zając, who indicated that an evaluation of the effectiveness of the international role must consider the rationality of its adopted concept, the feasibility and consistency of its implementation and the degree of its approval by other participants in international relations.


Barburska O., Blaski i cienie Partnerstwa Wschodniego Unii Europejskiej, „Studia Europejskie” 2015, nr 4, pp. 63–67.

Barros G., Belarus Warning Update: Lukashenko Accuses Poland of Preparing Catholic Sectarian Subversion, 2.11.2020. https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/belarus-warning-update-lukashenko-accuses-poland-preparing-catholic-sectarian [accessed: 9.08.2022].

Bill S., B. Stanley, Whose Poland Is It To Be? PiS and the Struggle between Monism and Pluralism, „East European Politics” 2020, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 387–389.

Borkowski P.J., Unia Europejska: czas deficytu zaufania, „Rocznik Strategiczny” 2019/2020, pp. 197–198.

Breuning M., Role Theory in Foreign Policy, in: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, 2017, https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-334 [accessed: 22.02.2023].

Cantir C., J. Kaarbo, Contested Roles and Domestic Politics: Reflections on Role Theory in Foreign Policy Analysis and IR Theory, „Foreign Policy Analysis” 2012, vol. 8, no. 19.

Carbone M., Development Policy, in: European Union Enlargement, ed. N. Nugent, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke – New York 2004, p. 251.

Deen B., W. Zweers, I. van Loon, The Eastern Partnership. Three Dilemmas in a Time of Troubles, „Clingendael Report” 2021, pp. 15–16.

Drążkiewicz E., From Recipient to Donor: The Case of Polish Development Cooperation, „Human Organization” 2013, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 68–70.

Drążkiewicz-Grodzicka E., Poland: Attempts at Defining Aid by Solidarity, Democracy and Development, in: Development Cooperation of the ‘New’ EU Member States. Beyond Europeanization, eds. O. Horký-Hlucháň, S. Lightfoot, Palgrave Macmillan, London 2015, pp. 53–55.

Gupta S., Comparative Advantage and Competitive Advantage: An Economics Perspective and a Synthesis, „Athens Journal of Business and Economic” 2015, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 10–14.

Holsti K.J., National Role Conceptions in the Study of Foreign Policy, „International Studies Quarterly” 1970, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 233–309.

Horký O., The Transfer of the Central and Eastern European ‘Transition Experience’ to the South: Myth or Reality?, in: Development Policies of Central and Eastern European States. From Aid Recipients to Aid Donors, eds. O. Horký-Hlucháň, S. Lightfoot, Routledge, London – New York 2015, pp. 22–23.

Horký O., The Transfer of the Central and Eastern European ‘Transition Experience’ to the South: Myth or Reality?, „Perspectives on European Politics and Society” 2012, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 27–28.

Kinowska-Mazaraki Z., The Polish Paradox: From a Fight for Democracy to the Political Radicalization and Social Exclusion, „Social Sciences” 2021, vol. 10, pp. 4–5.

Kochanowicz K., Country Strategy Papers: A Policy Tool to Increase Effectiveness of Polish Development Cooperation, „Minority Rights Group International – Institute of Global Responsibility Briefing Paper” 2012, pp. 1–24.

Kowal P., Testament Prometeusza. Źródła polityki wschodniej III Rzeczypospolitej, Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN, KEW, Warszawa – Wojnowice 2018.

Kugiel P., Specjalizacja Polski w międzynarodowej współpracy na rzecz rozwoju, w: Current Challenges to Peacebuilding Efforts and Development Assistance, red. K. Pędziwiatr, P. Kugiel, A. Dańda, Tischner European University, Cracow 2011, pp. 59–60.

Lawson M., Foreign Aid: International Donor Coordination of Development Assistance, „Congressional Research Service Report” 2013, no. R41185, pp. 15–16.

Lightfoot S., B. Szent-Iványi, K. Wolczuk, Mesmerized by Enlargement: The EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Policy and New Member State Transition Experience, „East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures” 2016, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 672–679.

Mara D., Belarusian President Accuses Germany, Poland of Coup Plans, 21.01.2011, https://www.dw.com/en/belarusian-president-accuses-germany-poland-of-coup-plans/a-14777482 [accessed: 9.08.2022].

Monkos A., Democracy Promotion under Populist Rule? The Case of Poland’s Democracy Aid in Ukraine, „Cambridge Review of International Affairs” 2022, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 459–477.

Najder Z., Główne problemy polityki wschodniej Polski, w: Polityka wschodnia Polski. Uwarunkowania, koncepcje, realizacja, red. A. Gil, T. Kapuśniak, Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, Lublin – Warszawa 2009, p. 173.

Nielsen K., M. Vilson, The Eastern Partnership: Soft Power Strategy or Policy Failure?, „European Foreign Affairs Review” 2014, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 243–262.

Nixey J., The Eastern Partnership at 10. What is There to Celebrate?, „New Eastern Europe” 2019, no. 3–4, pp. 33–37.

Opršal Z. et al., Polish and Czech Foreign Aid: a ‘Mélange’ of Geopolitical and Developmental Objectives, „Journal of International Relations and Development” 2021, vol. 24, pp. 279–305.

Ost D., The Defeat of Solidarity. Anger and Politics in Postcommunist Europe, Cornell University Press, Ithaca 2005.

Petrova T., Trade and Freedom or Trading Freedom? How Strategic and Normative Interests Shape Foreign Policy and Democracy Assistance in Central and Eastern Europe, in: Democratization in EU Foreign Policy. New Member States as Drivers of Democracy Promotion, eds. B. Berti, K. Mikulova, N. Popescu, Routledge, London – New York 2017, pp. 15–22.

Petrova T., From Solidarity to Geopolitics. Support for Democracy Among Postcommunist States, Cambridge University Press, New York 2014.

Petrova T., S. Aydin-Düzgit, Democracy Support Without Democracy: The Cases of Poland and Turkey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 05.01.2021. https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/01/05/democracy-support-without-democracy-cases-of-poland-and-turkey-pub-83485 [accessed: 22.02.2023].

Petrova T., P. Pospieszna, Democracy Promotion in Times of Autocratization: The Case of Poland, 1989–2019, „Post-Soviet Affairs” 2021, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 526–543.

Pietraś Z.J., Międzynarodowa rola Chin, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, Lublin 1990.

Piskorska B., Partnerstwo Wschodnie po 10 latach: sukces czy porażka, realizm czy iluzja?, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 2019, t. 17, nr 2, p. 20.

Pospieszna P., When Recipients Become Donors. Polish Democracy Assistance in Belarus and Ukraine, „Problems of Post-Communism” 2014, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 3–15.

Raś M., Poland’s Perspective on the Eastern Neighbourhood, in: Ambiguities of Europe’s Eastern Neighbourhood, eds. W. Hilz, S. Minasyan, M. Raś, Springer, Wiesbaden 2020, pp. 19–20.

Siddiqui K., David Ricardo’s Comparative Advantage and Developing Countries: Myth and Reality, „International Critical Thought” 2018, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 426–452.

Smolaga M., Wschodzący donatorzy pomocy rozwojowej wśród członków UE: analiza porównawcza, w: Studia Europejskie w Polsce, red. T. Czapiewski, M. Smolaga, Uniwersytet Szczeciński, Szczecin 2018, p. 261.

Stępniewski T., The Eastern Policy of the European Union. The Role of Poland, „Politeja” 2016, nr 2 (41), pp. 184–188.

Szent-Iványi B., P. Kugiel, The Challenge from Within: EU Development Cooperation and the Rise of Illiberalism in Hungary and Poland, „Journal of Contemporary European Research” 2020, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 128.

Szent-Iványi B., S. Lightfoot, Central and Eastern European Transition Experience. A Depoliticisation of Democracy Aid?, in: Democratization in EU Foreign Policy. New Member States as Drivers of Democracy Promotion, eds. B. Berti, K. Mikulova, N. Popescu, Routledge, London – New York 2017, pp. 48–49.

Szent-Iványi B., A. Tétényi, Transition and Foreign Aid Policies in the Visegrad Countries: A Path Dependant Approach, „Transition Studies Review” 2008, vol. 15, pp. 573–587.

Szent-Iványi B., Z. Végh, Is Transition Experience Enough? The Donor-Side Effectiveness of Czech and Polish Democracy Aid to Georgia, „Democratization” 2018, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 614–632.

Szeptycki A., Populist Foreign Policy and its Consequences: The Case of Poland Under the Rule of The Law and Justice Party, „Siyasal: Journal of Political Science” 2022, vol. 31, pp. 546–556.

Sydoruk T., D. Tyshchenko, The Eastern Dimension of the EU’s and Poland’s Policy, „Athenaeum. Polish Political Science Studies” 2016, no. 52, pp. 213–216.

Walker S.G., Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis: An Evaluation, in: Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis, ed. idem, Duke University Press, Durham 1987, p. 241.

Wilczek M., Lukashenko Plays the Poland Card and Ratchets up Tensions with Warsaw, 30.03.2021, https://www.politico.eu/article/alexander-lukashenko-belarus-poland-activists-arrests-tension/ [accessed: 9.08.2022].

Zając J., Role międzynarodowe państwa średniego – aspekty teoretyczne, „Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe” 2013, nr 4, pp. 15–27.

Zając J., Teoria ról międzynarodowych, w: Teorie i podejścia badawcze w nauce o stosunkach międzynarodowych, red. R. Zięba, S. Bieleń, J. Zając, Wydział Dziennikarstwa i Nauk Politycznych UW, Warszawa 2015, pp. 133–134.

Zając J., Role Unii Europejskiej w regionie Afryki Północnej i Bliskiego Wschodu, Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa 2010, p. 39.

Zgut E., Informal Exercise of Power: Undermining Democracy Under the EU’s Radar in Hungary and Poland, „Hague Journal on the Rule of Law” 2022, vol. 14, pp. 302–304.

Zięba R., Poszukiwanie międzynarodowej roli dla Polski – konceptualizacja roli państwa „średniej rangi”, w: Polityka zagraniczna Polski po wstąpieniu do NATO i Unii Europejskiej. Problemy tożsamości i adaptacji, red. S. Bieleń, Difin, Warszawa 2010, pp. 56–63.

Zięba R., Polityka zagraniczna Polski w strefie euroatlantyckiej, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa 2013, pp. 286–294.

Zięba R., Poland’s Foreign and Security Policy. Problems of Compatibility with the Changing International Order, Springer, Cham 2020.


Opublikowane : 2023-07-20


Szynol, M. (2023). Poland as a Democracy Exporter to the East? The Effectiveness of the International Role in the Example of Development Cooperation. Studia Polityczne, 51(2), 89-126. https://doi.org/10.35757/STP.2023.51.2.05

Monika Szynol  monika.szynol@us.edu.pl
Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach  Polska
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4811-6304




Inne teksty tego samego autora