Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
SM baner

Vol. 71 No. 4 (2018): Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne

Forum

Vietnamese paracolonialism as a factor shaping the contemporary discourse on politics and nationalism in Cambodia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35757/SM.2018.71.4.12
Submitted: January 17, 2020
Published: December 28, 2018

Abstract

By evoking the history of bilateral Khmer-Vietnamese relations, this article depicts the perception and significance of ethnic Vietnamese people living in today’s Cambodia from the viewpoint of political dispute between the two biggest local parties – The Cambodian People’s Party and the Cambodia National Rescue Part, the latter of which was delegalized in November 2017. Between 1979 and 1989, Vietnam served as a protector of the People’s Republic of Kampuchea and firmly controlled local socio-political relations, as well as aimed at redefining the Khmer identity in accordance with the Marxist-Leninist ideology. The legacy of that specific period, here described with the author’s term ‘paracolonialism’, has been a crucial factor in shaping contemporary Khmer nationalism and its two opposite fractions. Both of them seek to benefit from the common enmity of Cambodian society towards Vietnamese people. The purpose of this article is to prove that the anti-Vietnamese narrative is usually deeply exaggerated, considering the actual scale of problems arising between these nations. It is also based on irrational concerns, old superstitions and stereotypes which have been deeply rooted in Cambodian society.

References

  1. Amer R., Border Conflicts between Cambodia nad Vietnam, „IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin” 1997, Summer.
  2. Ashcroft B., Grittiths G., Tiffi n H., Post-colonial studies. The key concept, Routledge, New York 2000.
  3. Babović M., Vuković D., Cambodia. A survey of livelihood strategies and expectations for the future, The Asia Foundation 2015, dostępny w internecie [dostęp: 16.02.2018]: <https://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/CambodiaLivelihoodsandFutureExpecationsSurvey.pdf>.
  4. Cambodia. Progress and change since 1991, ed. P. Sothirak, G. Wade, M. Hong, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore 2012.
  5. Chanda N., Blood brothers, „Far Eastern Economic Review”, 3.12.1992.
  6. Chheang V., Cambodia-Vietnam ties turn 50, „East Asia Forum” [online], 21.06.2017 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2017/06/21/cambodia-vietnam-ties-turn-50/>.
  7. Dara M., Sokhean B., Hun Sen tells jailed opposition fi gures not to expect pardon, „The Nation” [online], 7.03.2018 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/asean-plus/30340397>.
  8. Democracy in Cambodia – 2003. A survey of the Cambodian electorate, ed. T. Meisburger, The Asia Foundation 2003, dostępny w internecie [dostęp: 16.02.2018]: <https://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/DemocracyinCambodia.pdf>.
  9. Edwards P., Ethnic Chinese in Cambodia. Interdisciplinary research on ethnic groups in Cambodia, final draft, Center for Advanced Study, Phnom Penh 1996.
  10. Edwards P., Imaging the Other in Cambodian nationalist discourse before and during the UNTAC period, [w:] Propaganda, politics, and violence in Cambodia. Democratic transition under United Nations peace-keeping, ed. S. Heder, J. Ladgerwood, East Gate Books, New York 1996.
  11. Ehrentraut S., Challenging Khmer citizenship. Minorities, the state, and the international community in Cambodia, rozprawa doktorska, Uniwersytet Poczdamski, 2013.
  12. Fawthrop T., In Cambodia racist rhetoric brings death threats to human rights activist, „East by Southeast” [online], 22.01.2014 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <http://www.eastbysoutheast.com/in-cambodia-racist-rhetoric-brings-death-threats-to-human-rights-activists/>.
  13. Frewer T., Cambodia’s anti-Vietnam obsession, „The Diplomat” [online], 6.09.2016 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/cambodias-anti-vietnam-obsession/>.
  14. Guan A. C., Vietnam-Cambodia relations from the Paris Peace Conference (1991) to membership of ASEAN, „South East Asia Research” 2000, vol. 8, No. 1.
  15. Head J., Vietnam fi rms involved in ‘illegal land grabs’, „BBC” [online], 13.05.2013 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-22509425>.
  16. Heder S., Ledgerwood J., Politics of violence. An introduction, [w:] Propaganda, politics, and violence in Cambodia. Democratic transition under United Nations peace-keeping, ed. S. Heder, J. Ladgerwood, East Gate Books, New York 1996.
  17. Horvath R. J., A definition of colonialism, „Current Anthropology” 1972, vol. 13, No. 1.
  18. Hughes C., Khmer land, Khmer soul. Sam Rainsy, populism, and the problem of seeing Cambodia, „South East Asia Research” 2001, vol. 9, No. 1.
  19. Hughes C., Transforming oppositions in Cambodia, „Global Society” 2001, vol. 15, No. 3.
  20. Hunt L., Why is Cambodia’s illegal logging problem still rolling on?, „The Diplomat” [online], 10.05.2017 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/why-is-cambodias-illegal-logging-problem-still-rolling-on/>.
  21. Hutt D., Sam Rainsy. A coward?, „The Diplomat” [online], 23.06.2016 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/sam-rainsy-the-coward/>.
  22. Hutt D., Sam Rainsy’s last stand?, „Southeast Asia Globe” [online], 16.12.2016 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <http://sea-globe.com/sam-rainsy/>.
  23. Hutt D., The truth about anti-Vietnam sentiment in Cambodia, „The Diplomat” [online], 20.10.2016 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <https://thediplomat.com/2016/10/the-truth-about-anti-vietnam-sentiment-in-cambodia/>.
  24. Karim K., Hun Sen talk of war dismissed by CNRP, „Khmer Times” [online], 15.05.2017 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <https://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/38346/hun-sen-talk-of-war-dismissed-by-cnrp/>.
  25. Keohave R., Lilliputians’ dilemmas. Small states in international politics, „International Organization” 1969, vol. 23, No. 2.
  26. Kiernan B., The Samlaut rebellion and its aftermaths. The origins of Cambodia’s liberation movement part II, Monash University, Clayton 1975 (Monash University Working Paper, 5).
  27. Kimseng M., Not only Vietnamese threatened by racism, human rights worker says, „VOA Cambodia” [online], 25.02.2014 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <https://www.voacambodia.com/a/not-only-vietnamese-threatened-by-racism-rights-worker-says/1858791.html>.
  28. Kotoski K., Sokhorng C., Big trouble in little China? Exploring Chinese investment in Sihanoukville, „The Phnom Penh Post” [online], 8.12.2017 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <https://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-depth-business/big-trouble-little-china-0>.
  29. Kunthear M., Clash at Vietnam embassy, „The Phnom Penh Post” [online], 9.06.2014 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/clash-vietnam-embassy>.
  30. Leng T., 2016: a promising year for Cambodia?, „Southeast Asian Affairs” 2017, vol. 1.
  31. Leng T., Small state diplomacy. Cambodia’s foreign policy towards Vietnam, „The Pacific Review” 2017, vol. 30, No. 3.
  32. Loomba A., Colonialism/postcolonialism, Routledge, New York 2005.
  33. Mertha A., Brothers in arms. Chinese aid to the Khmer rouge, 1975−1979, Cornell University Press, New York 2014.
  34. Meta K., Nachemson A., Vietnamese government, Hun Sen seek solution on legal status, „The Phnom Penh Post” [online], 11.01.2018 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/vietnamese-government-hun-sen-seek-solution-legal-status>.
  35. Millar P., Race to the bottom. How Cambodia’s opposition is targeting ethnic Vietnamese, „Southeast Asia Globe” [online], 21.10.2016 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <http://sea-globe.com/cambodia-opposition-cnrp-vietnamese/>.
  36. Norén-Nilsson A., Cambodia’s Second Kingdom, nation, imagination, and democracy, Cornell University, Ithaca 2016.
  37. Osterheld C., Scapegoating Cambodia’s “yuon”. Historical perspectives on Khmer anty-Vietnamism, [w:] Proceedings of the 10th International Academic Conference, Vienna, Austria, 03−06 June 2014, ed. J. Rotschedl, K. Čermáková, Prague 2014.
  38. Pann M., Anti-Vietnam fears stoked ahead of Cambodia election, „VOA News” [on line], 20.04.2017 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <https://www.voanews.com/a/cambodian-opposition-expected-to-play-anti-vietnamese-sentiment-ahead-of -elections/3818107.html>.
  39. Peang-Meth A., Cambodia and the United Nations. Comparative foreign policies under four regimes. Volume I, University of Michigan, Chicago 1980.
  40. Proceedings of the 10 th International Academic Conference, Vienna, Austria, 03−06 June 2014, ed. J. Rotschedl, K. Čermáková, Prague 2014.
  41. Propaganda, politics, and violence in Cambodia. Democratic transition under United Nations peace-keeping, ed. S. Heder, J. Ladgerwood, East Gate Books, New York 1996.
  42. Rainsy S., Letter to the editor: ‘Yuon’ may be incorrect, but not offensive, „The Cambodia Daily” [online], 10.07.2017 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <https://www.cambodiadaily.com/news/letter-editor-yuon-may-incorrect-not-offensive-132327/>.
  43. Seabrook J., The metamorphoses of colonialism, „Globalization” 2001, vo1. 1, dostępny w internecie [dostęp: 25.03.2018]: <http://globalization.icaap.org/content/v1.1/jeremyseabrook.html>.
  44. Soja P., Polityka zagraniczna Demokratycznej Kampuczy w latach 1975−1979, „Przegląd Geopolityczny” 2017, nr 20.
  45. Sovuthy K., CNRP president Sam Rainsy sentenced to a further five years in prison, „The Cam bodia Daily” [online], 27.12.2016 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <https://www.cambodiadaily.com/news/cnrp-president-sam-rainsy-sentenced-five-years-prison-122517/>.
  46. Springer S., Cambodia’s neoliberal order. Violence, authoritarianism, and the contestation of public space, Routledge, New York 2010.
  47. Strangio S., Hun Sen’s Cambodia, Yale University Press, New Haven 2014.
  48. Thayer C. A., Cambodia and Vietnam. Good fences make good neighbours, [w:] Cambodia. Progress and change since 1991, ed. P. Sothirak, G. Wade, M. Hong, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore 2012.
  49. Trang T., Vietnam, Cambodia intensify defense cooperation, „People’s Army Newspaper” [online], 18.01.2018 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <http://en.qdnd.vn/military/intl-relations-and-cooperation/vietnam-cambodia-intensify-defense-cooperation-489023>.
  50. Vida T., CNRP: Vietnamese renting land, „Khmer Times” [online], 26.10.2016 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <https://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/28992/cnrp--vietnamese-renting-land>.
  51. Vizenor G., Manifest manners. Narratives on postindian survinance, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln 1999.
  52. Willemys A., CNRP clings to anti-Vietnamese rhetoric, „The Phnom Penh Post” [online], 26.06.2017 [dostęp: 25.03.2018], dostępny w internecie: <https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/cnrp-clings-anti-vietnamese-rhetoric>.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.