Abstract
The historical experience of the region on the frontier of civilizations that is the South Caucasus is marked by alternating periods of short-term independence and long-term subordination. The geographical location at the meeting point of the Great Steppe, Asia Minor and Mesopotamia invariably means that political and strategic interests intersect in the region. Thus, since ancient times, the subjugation of the South Caucasus has been a goal within the imperial policies of the powers located south of the Arax River and north of the Great Caucasus range (the most commonly accepted borders of the region). Short-lived periods of formal independence usually did not entail full internal sovereignty and subjectivity in external actions. Different forms of dependency - political, economic, military or cultural and social - defined the internal situation in the region. Historically, the South Caucasus has been stuck between Rome and Persia, Arab caliphates and Byzantium, Turkish states and Persia, being also the object of destructive Mongol and Tamerlan invasions. Since early modernity, the region has been a space of clashing influences and attempts to gain dominance of three imperial ideologies and, at the same time, civilizational visions - Persian (Iranian), Turkish (Ottoman) and Russian (including a somewhat different form of Soviet).
References
Ackermann F., Urbansky S., Einleitung – introduction. Reframing postwar sovietization. Power, conflict, and accommodation, „Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas” 2016, Bd. 64, H. 3.
Adamczewski P., Górski Karabach w polityce niepodległego Azerbejdżanu, Wydawnictwo Akademickie „Dialog”, Warszawa 2012.
Amar T.C., Sovietization as civilizing mission in the West, [w:] The sovietization of Eastern Europe. New perspectives on postwar period, ed. B. Apor, P. Apor, E.A. Rees, New Academia Publishing, Washington DC 2008.
Axelrod R., Forster L., How historical analogies in newspapers of five countries make sense of major events: 9/11, Mumbai and Tahrir Square, „Research in Economics” 2017, vol. 71, issue 1.
Baddeley J.F., The Russian conquest of the Caucasus, Longmans, Green and Co., London 1908: <http://archive.org/details/cu31924028754616> [dostęp: 15 V 2021].
Bakradze L., Georgia and Stalin. Still living with the great son of the nation, [w:] The Stalin puzzle. Deciphering post-Soviet public opinion, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington DC 2013.
Broers L., Armenia and Azerbaijan. Anatomy of a rivalry, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2019.
Dundua S., Karaia T., Abashidze Z., National narration and politics of memory in post-socialist Georgia, „Slovak Journal of Political Sciences” 2017, vol. 17, no. 2.
Etkind A., Internal colonization. Russia’s imperial experience, Polity, Cambridge 2011.
Forsyth J., The Caucasus. A history, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2013.
Gamkrelidze T., The project of Europe. A robust attempt to redefine Georgian identity, „East European Politics” 2019, vol. 35, no. 3.
Gandhi L., Teoria postkolonialna. Wprowadzenie krytyczne, tłum. J. Serwański, Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, Poznań 2008.
Gawrycki M.F., Szeptycki A., Podporządkowanie – niedorozwój – wyobcowanie. Postkolonializm a stosunki międzynarodowe, Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa 2012.
From conflict to autonomy in the Caucasus. The Soviet Union and the making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh, ed. A. Saparov, Routledge, London–New York 2014.
Geukjian O., Ethnicity, nationalism and conflict in the South Caucasus. Nagorno-Karabakh and the legacy of Soviet nationalities policy, Routledge, New York 2016.
Górak A., Ustrój administracji rosyjskiej na Kaukazie (1785–1844), [w:] Kaukaz w stosunkach międzynarodowych. Przeszłość, teraźniejszość, przyszłość, red. P. Olszewski, K. Borkowski, Naukowe Wydawnictwo Piotrkowskie, Piotrków Trybunalski 2008.
Górecki W., Górski Karabach: kapitulacja Armenii, sukces Rosji, „Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich” [online], 10 XI 2020 [dostęp: 1 VI 2021]: <https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2020-11-10/gorski-karabach-kapitulacja-armenii-sukces-rosji>.
Górecki W., Chudziak M., (Pan)turecki Kaukaz. Sojusz Baku–Ankara i jego znaczenie regionalne, Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich, [Warszawa] 2021 (Komentarze OSW, 374).
Grant B., The captive and the gift. Cultural histories of sovereignty in Russia and the Caucasus, Cornell University Press, Ithaca–London 2009.
Gugushvili A., Kabachnik P., Stalin is dead, long live Stalin? Testing socialization, structural, ideological, nationalist, and gender hypotheses, „Post-Soviet Affairs” 2015, vol. 31.
Gugushvili A., Kabachnik P., Kirvalidze A., Collective memory and reputational politics of national heroes and villains, „Nationalities Papers” 2017, vol. 45, no. 3.
Kabachnik P., Kirvalidze A., Gugushvili A., Stalin today. Contending with the Soviet past in Georgia, Ilia State University Press, Tbilisi 2016.
Kaukaz w stosunkach międzynarodowych. Przeszłość, teraźniejszość, przyszłość, red. P. Olszewski, K. Borkowski, Naukowe Wydawnictwo Piotrkowskie, Piotrków Trybunalski 2008.
Kazemzadeh F., The struggle for Transcaucasia, 1917–1921, Philosophical Library, New York 1951.
King Ch., Widmo wolności. Historia Kaukazu, tłum. A. Czwojdrak, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków 2010.
Lang D.M., The last years of the Georgian monarchy, 1658–1832, Columbia University Press, New York 1957.
Libaridian G.J., What was revolutionary about Armenian revolutionary parties in the Ottoman Empire?, [w:] A question of genocide. Armenians and Turks at the end of the Ottoman Empire, ed. R. Grigor Suny, F.M. Göçek, N.M. Naimark, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2011.
The making of modern Georgia, 1918–2012. The First Georgian Republic and its successors, ed. S.F. Jones, Routledge, New York 2014.
Meierhenrich J., Analogies at war, „Journal of Conflict & Security Law” 2006, vol. 11, no. 1.
Melikyan A., Veliyev J., Sartania K., Abdullazade S., The rise of new nationalism in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia in the late 1980s and early 1990s, „Caucasus Edition” [online], 3 III 2018 [dostęp: 10 V 2021]: <https://caucasusedition.net/the-rise-of-new-nationalism-in-armenia-azerbaijan-and-georgia-in-the-late-1980s-and-early-1990s/>.
Morozov V., Russia’s postcolonial identity. A subaltern empire in a Eurocentric world, Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2015.
Mumford A., Parallels, prescience and the past. Analogical reasoning and contemporary international politics, „International Politics” 2015, vol. 52, no. 1.
Nowak A., Putin. Źródła imperialnej agresji, Wydawnictwo „Sic!”, Warszawa 2014.
Prisoedinenie Kavkaza k Rossii. XIX vek, red. A.G. Makarov, C.È. Makarova, Dmitrij Bulanin, Sankt-Peterburg 2005 (Iz russkogo prošlogo).
A question of genocide. Armenians and Turks at the end of the Ottoman Empire, ed. R. Grigor Suny, F.M. Göçek, N.M. Naimark, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2011.
Rayfield D., Edge of empires. A history of Georgia, Reaktion Books, London 2012.
Riga L., The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2012.
Said E.W., Kultura i imperializm, tłum. M. Wyrwas-Wiśniewska, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków 2009.
Saparov A., Why autonomy? The making of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region 1918–1925, „Europe-Asia Studies” 2012, vol. 64, No. 2.
Shagoyan G., Between memory and memorial. Anastas Mikoyan and „social lustration” in Armenia, „Caucasus Analytical Digest” 2016, no. 80.
Šnirel′man V.A., Vojny pamâti. Mify, identičnost′ i politika v zakavkaz′e, IKC „Akademkniga”, Moskva 2003.
The sovietization of Eastern Europe. New perspectives on postwar period, ed. B. Apor, P. Apor, E.A. Rees, New Academia Publishing, Washington DC 2008.
The Stalin puzzle. Deciphering post-Soviet public opinion, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington DC 2013.
Strémooukhoff D., Moscow the Third Rome. Sources of the doctrine, „Speculum” 1953, vol. 28, no. 1.
Svanidze N., Georgian press about Georgian-Abkhaz post-colonial conflict and cultural-political relations between Georgia and Russia in post-Soviet time, „International Journal of Russian Studies” 2016, issue 5, No. 2.
Świętochowski T., Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920. The shaping of a national identity in a Muslim community, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1985.
Tlostanova M., Between the Russian/Soviet dependencies, neoliberal delusions, dewesternizing options, and decolonial drives, „Cultural Dynamics” 2015, vol. 27.
Tlostanova M., Can the post-Soviet think? On coloniality of knowledge, external imperial and double colonial difference, „East European Journal of Society and Politics” 2015, vol. 1, no. 2.
Toria M., The Soviet occupation of Georgia in 1921 and the Russian-Georgian war of August 2008. Historical analogy as a memory project, [w:] The making of modern Georgia, 1918–2012. The First Georgian Republic and its successors, ed. S.F. Jones, Routledge, New York 2014.
Tsygankov A.P., Tarver-Wahlquist M., Duelling honors. Power, identity and the Russia–Georgia divide, „Foreign Policy Analysis” 2009, vol. 5, issue 4.
Wartości, polityka, społeczeństwo, red. M. Zahorska, E. Nasalska, Wydawnictwo Naukowe „Scholar”, Warszawa 2009.
Zarycki T., Ku socjologicznej analizie dyskursu elit peryferyjnych, [w:] Wartości, polityka, społeczeństwo, red. M. Zahorska, E. Nasalska, Wydawnictwo Naukowe „Scholar”, Warszawa 2009.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
