The BRICS+ group is primarily held together by opposition to the current international order. An analysis of summit declarations as well as trade and political relations between participating states indicates limited political and economic cohesion. The development of structures of cooperation remains fragmented and has not resulted in mechanisms that could constitute a viable alternative to existing international institutions. The expansion of the group increases its internal heterogeneity. As a result, BRICS+ functions primarily as a negative format. At the same time, China’s growing position within the format suggests the possibility of its use as an instrument in rivalry with the West.
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