Spektrum postaw wobec śmierci u osób z anoreksją
Abstrakt
Anorexia nervosa is a grave psychiatric illness characterized by a distorted body image which triggers intensive self-starvation and — as a consequence — significantly diminished body weight. It can be fatal: the mortality rate is thought to be between 4% and 20%. The very essence of this eating disorder is a categorical refusal to be cured in conjunction with a profound denial of illness. The most peculiar aspect of anorexia nervosa that may account for the denial of illness and the difficulty patients have in accepting treatment is egosyntonicity. It means that the illness is highly valued by afflicted individuals and it is inextricably linked with their sense of identity. Thus this illness is existential. Some researchers describe anorexia nervosa as suicide, but the anorexic understanding of death seems to be more complicated. If anorexia is, for the patient, an avenue to a worthwhile life, then, giving up anorexia — gaining weight — can mean giving up the reason for living. Therefore the refusal of eating that in another patient might look suicidal, may for the anorexic patient be the only way of life. The article analyses various aspects of anorexic attitudes to death.
Słowa kluczowe
anoreksja; śmierć; samobójstwo; egosyntonia
Bibliografia
Bachar Eytan i in., 2002, Rejection of Life in Anorexic and Bulimic Patients, „International Journal of Eating Disorders”, t. 31, nr 1, s. 43–48.
Beumont Pierre, Carney Terry, 2004, Can Psychiatric Terminology Be Translated into Legal Regulation: The Anorexia Nervosa Example, „Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry”, t. 38, nr 10, s. 819–832.
Beumont Pierre J. V., Abraham Suzanne F., 1983, Episodes of Ravenous Overeating or Bulimia: Their Occurence in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa and With Other Forms of Disordered Eating, w: Padraig L. Darby i in. (red.), Anorexia Nervosa: Recent Developments in Research, Alan R. Liss, New York.
Corcos Maurice i in., 2002, Suicide Attempts in Women with Bulimia Nervosa: Frequency and Characteristics, „Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica”, t. 106, nr 5, s. 381–386.
Coren Stanley, Hewitt Paul L., 1998, Is Anorexia Nervosa Associated with Elevated Rates of Suicide?, „American Journal of Public Health”, t. 88, nr 8, s. 1206–1207.
Crisp Arthur H., 1983, Some Aspects of the Psychopathology of Anorexia Nervosa, w: Padraig L. Darby i in. (red.), Anorexia Nervosa: Recent Developments in Research, Alan R. Liss, New York.
Crisp Arthur, 2006a, Section 2. In Defence of the Concept of Phobically Driven Avoidance of Adult Body Weight/Shape/Function as a Final Common Pathway to Anorexia Nervosa, „European Eating Disorders Review”, t. 14, nr 3, s. 189–202.
Crisp Arthur, 2006b, Vulnerability to Anorexia Nervosa; Constitutional Markers, „European Eating Disorders Review”, t. 14, nr 3, s. 176–182.
Derman Talia, Szabo Christopher P., 2006, Why Do Individuals with Anorexia Die? A Case of Sudden Death, „International Journal of Eating Disorders”, t. 39, nr 3, s. 260–262.
Draper Heather, 2000, Anorexia Nervosa and Respecting a Refusal of Life-Prolonging Therapy: A Limited Justification, „Bioethics”, t. 14, nr 2, s. 120–133.
Emborg Charlotte, 1999, Mortality and Causes of Death in Eating Disorders in Denmark 1970–1993: A Case Register Study, „International Journal of Eating Disorders”, t. 25, nr 3, s. 243–251.
Favaro Angela, Santonastaso Paolo, 2002, The Spectrum of Self-Injurious Behavior in Eating Disorders, „Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention”, t. 10, nr 3, s. 215–225.
Fransella Fay, Button Eric, 1983, The „Construing” of Self and Body Size in Relation to Maintenance of Weight Gain in Anorexia Nervosa, w: Padraig L. Darby i in. (red.), Anorexia Nervosa: Recent Developments in Research, Alan R. Liss, New York.
Gans Margery, Gunn William B., 2003, End Stage Anorexia: Criteria for Competence to Refuse Treatment, „International Journal of Law and Psychiatry”, t. 26, nr 6, s. 677–695.
Griffiths Rosalyn A. i in., 1997, The Use of Guardianship Legislation for Anorexia Nervosa: A Report of 15 Cases, „Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry”, t. 31, s. 525–531.
Hołyst Brunon, 1983, Samobójstwo — przypadek czy konieczność, PWN, Warszawa.
Inagaki Takuji i in., 2003, Echocardiographic Investigation of Pericardial Effusion in Case of Anorexia Nervosa, „International Journal of Eating Disorders”, t. 33, nr 3, s. 364–366.
Johnson Craig L. i in., 1983, A Survey of 509 Cases of Self-reported Bulimia, w: Padraig L. Darby i in. (red.), Anorexia Nervosa: Recent Developments in Research, Alan R. Liss, New York.
Keel Pamela K. i in., 2003, Predictors of Mortality in Eating Disorders, „Archives of General Psychiatry”, t. 60, nr 2, s. 179–183.
Krystek Monika, 2000, Kontrola w relacjach z rodzicami u dziewcząt z gotowością anorektyczną, w: Anna Suchańska (red.), Podmiotowe i społeczno-kulturowe uwarunkowania anoreksji, Wydawnictwo Fundacji Humaniora, Poznań.
Lane Robert C., 2002, Anorexia, Masochism, Self-Mutilation, and Autoerotism: The Spider Mother, „Psychoanalytic Review”, t. 89, nr 1, s. 101–124.
Latzer Yael, Hochdorf Zipora, 2005, Attachment to Life in Anorexia Nervosa, „Eating Disorders Review”, t. 16, nr 4, s. 1–3.
Lemma-Wright Alessandra, 1994, Starving to Live: The Paradox of Anorexia Nervosa, Central Book Publishing, London.
Levens Mary, 1995, Eating Disorders and Magical Control of the Body: Treatment Through Art Therapy, Routledge, London.
Manley Ronald S., Leichner Pierre, 2003, Anguish and Despair in Adolescents with Eating Disorders — Helping to Manage Suicidal Ideation and Impulses, „Crisis”, t. 24, nr 1, s. 32–36.
MacDonald Chris, 2002, Treatment Resistance in Anorexia Nervosa and The Pervasiveness of Ethics in Clinical Decision Making, „The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry”, t. 47, nr 3, s. 267–270.
Malan David H., 1997, Anorexia, Murder, and Suicide: What Can Be Learned from the Theories of Three Remarkable Patients, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford.
McDougall Joyce, 1989, Theatres of the Body: A Psychoanalytic Approach to Psychosomatic Illness, Free Association Books, London.
Melamed Yuval i in., 2003, Involuntary Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa, „International Journal of Law and Psychiatry”, t. 26, nr 6, s. 617–626.
Palmer Robert L., 2003, Death in Anorexia Nervosa, „Lancet”, t. 361, nr 9368, s. 1490.
Pompili Maurizio i in., 2004, Suicide in Anorexia Nervosa: A Meta-Analysis, „International Journal of Eating Disorders”, t. 36, nr 1, s. 99–103.
Ramacciotti Carla E., Coli Elisabetta B., Biadi Dell’Osso Liliana, 2003, Silent Pericardial Effusion in a Sample of Anorexic Patients, „Eating and Weight Disorders”, t. 8, nr 1, s. 68–71.
Ruszkowska Ewa, Siewierska Anna, 1997, Problem śmierci i separacji w terapii rodzinnej pacjentek w wieku dorastania hospitalizowanych z powodu zaburzeń odżywiania się, „Nowiny Psychologiczne”, t. 3, s. 50–56.
Sacksteder James L., 1989, Psychosomatic Dissociation and False Self Development in Anorexia Nervosa, w: M. Gerard Fromm, Bruce L. Smith (red.), The Facilitating Environment: Clinical Applications of Winnicott’s Theory, International Universities Press, Madison, Conn.
Serpell Lucy i in., 2004, The Development of the P-CAN, a Measure to Operationalize the Pros and Cons of Anorexia Nervosa, „International Journal of Eating Disorders”, t. 36, nr 4, s. 416–433.
Siegel Janet H. i in., 1995, Medical Complications in Male Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa, „Journal of Adolescent Health”, t. 16, nr 6, s. 448–453.
Starzomska Małgorzata, 2006, Ethical Challenges in Forcible Feeding among Patients with Anorexia Nervosa and Prisoners, „Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy”, t. 8, nr 3, s. 85–96.
Stein Daniel i in., 2003, Suicidal Tendencies and Body Image and Experience in Anorexia Nervosa and Suicidal Female Adolescent Inpatients, „Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics”, t. 72, nr 1, s. 16–25.
Stobiecka Magdalena, 2000, Głód śmierci. Zaabsorbowanie tematyką śmierci w anoreksji psychicznej, w: Anna Suchańska (red.), Podmiotowe i społeczno-kulturowe uwarunkowania anoreksji, Wydawnictwo Fundacji Humaniora, Poznań.
Strober Michael, 2004, Managing the Chronic, Treatment-Resistant Patient with Anorexia Nervosa, „International Journal of Eating Disorders”, t. 36, nr 3, s. 245–255.
Tan Jacinta O. A., Hope Tony, Steward Anne, 2003a, Anorexia Nervosa and Personal Identity: The Accounts of Patients and Their Parents, „International Journal of Law and Psychiatry”, t. 26, nr 5, s. 533–548.
Tan Jacinta O. A., Hope Tony, Steward Anne, 2003b, Competence to Refuse Treatment in Anorexia Nervosa, „International Journal of Law and Psychiatry”, t. 26, nr 6, s. 697–707.
Tan Jacinta O. A. i in., 2003, Control and Compulsory Treatment in Anorexia Nervosa: The Views of Patients and Parents, „International Journal of Law and Psychiatry”, t. 26, nr 6, s. 627–645.
Vandereycken Walter, 2006, Denial of Illness in Anorexia Nervosa – A Conceptual Review: Part 1: Diagnostic Significance and Assessment, „European Eating Disorders Review”, t. 14, nr 5, s. 341–351.
Warren Bill, 1997, Death Themes in Anorexia Nervosa: Dimensions for a Reply to Jackson et al., „International Journal of Eating Disorders”, t. 22, nr 3, s. 223–229.
Wojciechowska Ilona, 2000, Kiedy ciało ma decydujący głos w sprawie wartości człowieka – drogi prowadzące do tożsamości anorektycznej, w: Anna Suchańska (red.), Podmiotowe i społeczno-kulturowe uwarunkowania anoreksji, Wydawnictwo Fundacji Humaniora, Poznań.
Zerbe Kathryn J., 1993, Whose body is anyway? Understanding and Treating Psychosomatic Aspects of Eating Disorders, „Bulletin of The Menninger Clinic”, t. 57, nr 2, s. 161–177.
Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej w Warszawie Polska
Ten utwór jest dostępny na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa-Użycie niekomercyjne-Na tych samych warunkach 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
