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Tom 51 Nr 4 (2007): Okiem antropologa

Artykuły i rozprawy

Chiński teatr duchów

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35757/KiS.2007.51.4.8
Przesłane: 2 sierpnia 2023
Opublikowane: 19 grudnia 2007

Abstrakt

Around five millennia ago the Chinese developed spectacular rituals concerning afterlife beliefs. Funerals could always been perceived as theatre-like cultural performances. The ancestor cult is a base for Chinese morality. Theatrical performances are one of the means of ghosts worship. Until recently the performance of mourning could have been considered a social spectacle.
The classical music theatre of China (xiqu) constitutes a vivid illustration of beliefs in constant commune with souls of the dead. Traditional dramatic literature provides many examples of female-ghost characters. They are usually protagonists, who put a moral thesis forward and convey the educational message of the theatre piece. Actors’ make-up as well as theatre puppets have presumably funeral origins. Afterlife beliefs could be regarded as one of the sources of Chinese theatre.

Bibliografia

  1. Dean Kenneth, 1989, Lei Yu-Sheng («Thunder is noisy») and Mu-lien in the Theatrical and Funerary Traditions of Fukien, w: David Johnson (red.), Ritual Opera, Operatic Ritual: «Mu-lien Rescues His Mother» in Chinese Popular Culture, University of California, Oakland.
  2. Glahn Richard von, 2004, The Sinister Way: The Divine and the Demonic in Chinese Religious Culture, University of California Press, Berkeley–Los Angeles–London.
  3. Krzywda, 1962, Krzywda Tou O, czyli śnieg w lecie, tłum. Olgierd Wojtasiewicz, Tadeusz Żbikowski, „Dialog” nr 5.
  4. Kutcher Norman, 1999, Mourning in Late Imperial China: Filial Piety and the State, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  5. Mei, 1960, Mei — kwiat śliwy, tłum. z ros. Włodzimierz Wowczuk, Anna Marciszewska, Książka i Wiedza, Warszawa [zbiór nowel i opowieści z okresu dynastii Tang (618–906)].
  6. Seeger Elizabeth, 1948, The Pageant of Chinese History, Longmans Green, New York.
  7. Sławińska Irena (Hu Peifang), 2004, Chińszczyzna, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń.
  8. Tang Rinnie, 1982, From the Funeral Mask to the Painted Face of the Chinese Theatre, „The Drama Review” nr 4 (96).
  9. Teiser Stephen F., 1989, The Ritual Behind the Opera: A Fragmentary Ethnography of the Ghost Festival, A.D. 400–1900, w: David Johnson (red.), Ritual Opera, Operatic Ritual: «Mu-lien Rescues His Mother» in Chinese Popular Culture, University of California, Oakland.
  10. Walters Derek, 1996, Mitologia Chin, tłum. Wisława Szkudlarczyk, Rebis, Poznań. Xue Ruolin (red.), 1996, The Art of Chinese Ritual Masks, Jiangxi Fine Arts Publishing House, Jiangxi.
  11. Watson James, Rawski Evelyn S. (red.), 1988, Death Ritual in Late Imperial and Modern China, University of California Press, Berkeley.

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