Pochwała populizmu. Esej polemiczny

Kazimierz W. Frieske

doi:10.35757/KiS.2019.63.4.6

Tom 63 Nr 4 (2019): POLES IN THE WORLD OF LATE CAPITALISM

Artykuły i rozprawy

Pochwała populizmu. Esej polemiczny

Kazimierz W. Frieske⁺⁻

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.35757/KiS.2019.63.4.6
Przesłane: 15 marca 2020
Opublikowane: 27 grudnia 2019

Abstrakt

The author supports the claim that attempts to formulate a universal definition of the term “populism” are not worthwhile, because the sense of the term is usually determined by a specific social context. Understanding the utopian nature of populism provides a better understanding of the utopian nature of democracy and allows for a humble departure from dreams of a perfect social order, because, as has been shown in numerous survey studies, the contemporary shift of social mood, attitudes, and opinions toward some version of populism is a relatively simple consequence of the deficiencies of democracy in its neoliberal version.

Bibliografia

Allcock J.B., 1971, “Populism”: A Brief Biography, „Sociology”, t. 5(3), s. 371–387.
Archibugi Daniele, Cellini Marco, 2017, What Causes the Populist Infection? How Can It Be Cured? portal „Open Democracy”, 25 marca (https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/what-causes-populist-infection-how-can-it-be-cure).
Babones Salvatore, 2019, Jesteśmy złymi populistami straszeni, ale nie ma dowodów, że stanowią oni niebezpieczeństwo, „Dziennik Gazeta Prawna”, 11–13 października, s. A12–A13.
Beeby James M., 2008, Revolt of the Tar Heels: The North Carolina Populist Movement, 1890–1901, University Press of Mississippi, Jackson.
Bryk Andrzej, 2019, Odzyskać prawdziwy wybór, „Rzeczpospolita”, dodatek „Plus Minus”, 15–20 października.
Canovan Margaret, 1981, Populism, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York.
Canovan Margaret, 1999, Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy, „Political Studies”, t. 47(1), s. 2–16.
Connell Charles W., 2016, Popular Opinion in the Middle Ages: Channeling Public Ideas and Attitudes, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin–Boston.
Dahl Robert, 1995, Demokracja i jej krytycy, tłum. Stefan Amsterdamski, Znak, Kraków.
Delumeau Jean, 1968, Strach w kulturze Zachodu: XIV–XVIII w., tłum. Adam Szymanowski, PAX, Warszawa.
Dryzek John S., 2000, Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Eatwell Roger, Goodwin Matthew, 2018, National Populism: The Revolt against Liberal Democracy, Penguin, London.
Fowler Matthew, Medenica Vladimir E., Cohen Cathy J., 2017, Why 41 percent of white millennials voted for Trump, „Washington Post”, 15 grudnia (https://www.washingtonpost.com/
news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/12/15/racial-resentment-is-why-41-percent-of-white-millennials-voted-for-trump-in-2016/)
Gherghina Sergiu, Soare Sorina, 2013, Introduction: Populism — a Sophisticated Concept and Diverse Political Realities, w: Sergiu Gherghina, Sergiu Mişcoiu, Sorina Soare (red.), Contemporary Populism: A Controversial Concept and Its Diverse Forms, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle.
Gregory Timothy E., 1979, Vox Populi: Popular Opinion and Violence in the Religious Controversies of the Fifth Century, Ohio State University Press, Columbus.
Gutmann Amy, Thompson Dennis, 1996, Democracy and Disagreement, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Freeden Michael, 2003, Ideology. A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford–New York.
Ionescu Ghita, Gellner Ernest (red.), 1969, Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics, Macmillan, New York.
Lasch Christopher, 1997, Bunt elit, [tłum. Dobrosław Rodziewicz], Platan, Kraków.
Laclau Ernesto, 1977, Towards a Theory of Populism, w: Ernesto Laclau, Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory: Capitalism, Fascism, Populism, NBL, London.
McCormick John P., 2018, Reading Machiavelli: Scandalous Books, Suspect Engagements and the Virtue of Populist Politics, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
McGuigan Jim, 1992, Cultural Populism, Routledge, London–New York.
Mouffe Chantal, 2005, The ‘End of Politics’ and the Challenge of Right-wing Populism, w: Francisco Panizza, (red.), Populism and the Mirror of Democracy, Verso, London–New York.
Mounk Yascha, 2019, Lud kontra demokracja. Dlaczego nasza wolność jest w niebezpieczeństwie i jak ją ocalić, tłum. Katarzyna Gucio, Fundacja Kultura Liberalna, Warszawa.
Mudde Cas, 2004, The Populist Zeitgeist, „Government and Opposition”, t. 39(4), s. 451–563.
Mudde Cas, 2008, The Populist Radical Right: a Pathological Normalcy, Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers in International Migration and Ethnic Relations, 3/07, Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare, Malmö University.
Müller Jan-Werner, 2016, What is Populism?, University of Pennsylwania Press, Philadelphia.
Näsström Sofia, 2007, The Legitimacy of the People, „Political Theory”, t. 35(5), s. 624–658.
Rothstein Bo, Steinmo Sven, 2018, “Us Too!”—The Rise Of Middle-Class Populism In Sweden And Beyond, „Social Europe”, 3 października (www.socialeurope.eu/me-too-the-rise-of-middle-class-populism-in-sweden-and-beyond).
Rovira Kaltwasser Cristobal, 2008, The Ambivalence of Populism: Threat and Corrective for Democracy, „Democratization”, t. 19(2), s. 184–208.
Rovira Kaltwasser Cristobal, Taggart Paul, Ochoa Espejo Paulina, Ostiguy Pierre, 2017, Populism: An Overview of the Concept and the State of the Art, w: The Oxford Handbook of Populism, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Runciman David, 2019, Jak się kończy demokracja, tłum. Szymon Żuchowski, Fundacja Kultura Liberalna, Warszawa.
Schumpeter Joseph A., 1995, Kapitalizm, socjalizm, demokracja, tłum. Michał Rusiński, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa.
Song Sarah, 2012, The Boundary Problem in Democratic Theory: Why the Demos Should be Bounded by the State, „International Theory”, t. 4(1), s. 39–68.
Świętochowski Aleksander: Utopie w rozwoju historycznym, G. Gebethner i Spółka, Kraków.
Taggart Paul, 2000, Populism, Open University Press, Buckingham–Philadelphia.
Tilley James, Evans Geoff rey, 2014, Ageing And Generational Effects On Vote Choice: Combining Cross-Sectional And Panel Data To Estimate APC Effects, „Electoral Studies”, t. 33, marzec.
Walicki Andrzej, 1969, Russia, w: Ghita Ionescu, Ernest Gellner (red.), Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics, Macmillan, New York.
Whelan Frederick G., 1983, Prologue: Democratic Theory and The Boundary Problem, w: J. Roland Pennock, John W. Chapman (red.), Liberal Democracy, New York University Press, New York.
Worsley Peter, 1969, The Concept of Populism, w: Ghita Ionescu, Ernest Gellner (red.), Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics, Macmillan, New York.
Verschoor Marco, 2015, The Quest for the Legitimacy of the People: A Contractarian Approach, „Politics, Philosophy and Economics”, t. 14(4), s. 391–428.

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[1] Allcock J.B., 1971, “Populism”: A Brief Biography, „Sociology”, t. 5(3), s. 371–387.

[2] Archibugi Daniele, Cellini Marco, 2017, What Causes the Populist Infection? How Can It Be Cured? portal „Open Democracy”, 25 marca (https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/what-causes-populist-infection-how-can-it-be-cure).

[3] Babones Salvatore, 2019, Jesteśmy złymi populistami straszeni, ale nie ma dowodów, że stanowią oni niebezpieczeństwo, „Dziennik Gazeta Prawna”, 11–13 października, s. A12–A13.

[4] Beeby James M., 2008, Revolt of the Tar Heels: The North Carolina Populist Movement, 1890–1901, University Press of Mississippi, Jackson.

[5] Bryk Andrzej, 2019, Odzyskać prawdziwy wybór, „Rzeczpospolita”, dodatek „Plus Minus”, 15–20 października.

[6] Canovan Margaret, 1981, Populism, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York.

[7] Canovan Margaret, 1999, Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy, „Political Studies”, t. 47(1), s. 2–16.

[8] Connell Charles W., 2016, Popular Opinion in the Middle Ages: Channeling Public Ideas and Attitudes, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin–Boston.

[9] Dahl Robert, 1995, Demokracja i jej krytycy, tłum. Stefan Amsterdamski, Znak, Kraków.

[10] Delumeau Jean, 1968, Strach w kulturze Zachodu: XIV–XVIII w., tłum. Adam Szymanowski, PAX, Warszawa.

[11] Dryzek John S., 2000, Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

[12] Eatwell Roger, Goodwin Matthew, 2018, National Populism: The Revolt against Liberal Democracy, Penguin, London.

[13] Fowler Matthew, Medenica Vladimir E., Cohen Cathy J., 2017, Why 41 percent of white millennials voted for Trump, „Washington Post”, 15 grudnia (https://www.washingtonpost.com/

[14] news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/12/15/racial-resentment-is-why-41-percent-of-white-millennials-voted-for-trump-in-2016/)

[15] Gherghina Sergiu, Soare Sorina, 2013, Introduction: Populism — a Sophisticated Concept and Diverse Political Realities, w: Sergiu Gherghina, Sergiu Mişcoiu, Sorina Soare (red.), Contemporary Populism: A Controversial Concept and Its Diverse Forms, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle.

[16] Gregory Timothy E., 1979, Vox Populi: Popular Opinion and Violence in the Religious Controversies of the Fifth Century, Ohio State University Press, Columbus.

[17] Gutmann Amy, Thompson Dennis, 1996, Democracy and Disagreement, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.

[18] Freeden Michael, 2003, Ideology. A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford–New York.

[19] Ionescu Ghita, Gellner Ernest (red.), 1969, Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics, Macmillan, New York.

[20] Lasch Christopher, 1997, Bunt elit, [tłum. Dobrosław Rodziewicz], Platan, Kraków.

[21] Laclau Ernesto, 1977, Towards a Theory of Populism, w: Ernesto Laclau, Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory: Capitalism, Fascism, Populism, NBL, London.

[22] McCormick John P., 2018, Reading Machiavelli: Scandalous Books, Suspect Engagements and the Virtue of Populist Politics, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

[23] McGuigan Jim, 1992, Cultural Populism, Routledge, London–New York.

[24] Mouffe Chantal, 2005, The ‘End of Politics’ and the Challenge of Right-wing Populism, w: Francisco Panizza, (red.), Populism and the Mirror of Democracy, Verso, London–New York.

[25] Mounk Yascha, 2019, Lud kontra demokracja. Dlaczego nasza wolność jest w niebezpieczeństwie i jak ją ocalić, tłum. Katarzyna Gucio, Fundacja Kultura Liberalna, Warszawa.

[26] Mudde Cas, 2004, The Populist Zeitgeist, „Government and Opposition”, t. 39(4), s. 451–563.

[27] Mudde Cas, 2008, The Populist Radical Right: a Pathological Normalcy, Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers in International Migration and Ethnic Relations, 3/07, Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare, Malmö University.

[28] Müller Jan-Werner, 2016, What is Populism?, University of Pennsylwania Press, Philadelphia.

[29] Näsström Sofia, 2007, The Legitimacy of the People, „Political Theory”, t. 35(5), s. 624–658.

[30] Rothstein Bo, Steinmo Sven, 2018, “Us Too!”—The Rise Of Middle-Class Populism In Sweden And Beyond, „Social Europe”, 3 października (www.socialeurope.eu/me-too-the-rise-of-middle-class-populism-in-sweden-and-beyond).

[31] Rovira Kaltwasser Cristobal, 2008, The Ambivalence of Populism: Threat and Corrective for Democracy, „Democratization”, t. 19(2), s. 184–208.

[32] Rovira Kaltwasser Cristobal, Taggart Paul, Ochoa Espejo Paulina, Ostiguy Pierre, 2017, Populism: An Overview of the Concept and the State of the Art, w: The Oxford Handbook of Populism, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

[33] Runciman David, 2019, Jak się kończy demokracja, tłum. Szymon Żuchowski, Fundacja Kultura Liberalna, Warszawa.

[34] Schumpeter Joseph A., 1995, Kapitalizm, socjalizm, demokracja, tłum. Michał Rusiński, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa.

[35] Song Sarah, 2012, The Boundary Problem in Democratic Theory: Why the Demos Should be Bounded by the State, „International Theory”, t. 4(1), s. 39–68.

[36] Świętochowski Aleksander: Utopie w rozwoju historycznym, G. Gebethner i Spółka, Kraków.

[37] Taggart Paul, 2000, Populism, Open University Press, Buckingham–Philadelphia.

[38] Tilley James, Evans Geoff rey, 2014, Ageing And Generational Effects On Vote Choice: Combining Cross-Sectional And Panel Data To Estimate APC Effects, „Electoral Studies”, t. 33, marzec.

[39] Walicki Andrzej, 1969, Russia, w: Ghita Ionescu, Ernest Gellner (red.), Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics, Macmillan, New York.

[40] Whelan Frederick G., 1983, Prologue: Democratic Theory and The Boundary Problem, w: J. Roland Pennock, John W. Chapman (red.), Liberal Democracy, New York University Press, New York.

[41] Worsley Peter, 1969, The Concept of Populism, w: Ghita Ionescu, Ernest Gellner (red.), Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics, Macmillan, New York.

[42] Verschoor Marco, 2015, The Quest for the Legitimacy of the People: A Contractarian Approach, „Politics, Philosophy and Economics”, t. 14(4), s. 391–428.