The political cycle in a transitional society:  The case of Georgia

Larysa Leszczenko; George Tarkhan-Mouravi

doi:10.35757/SM.2019.72.1.08

Vol. 72 No. 1 (2019): Jak uczyć o stosunkach międzynarodowych?

Forum

The political cycle in a transitional society: The case of Georgia

Larysa Leszczenko⁺⁻
George Tarkhan-Mouravi⁺⁻

pdf

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35757/SM.2019.72.1.08
Submitted: January 11, 2020
Published: March 29, 2019

Abstract

Observing the cyclical nature of economics and politics, popular in the early 20 th century, is regaining popularity. We consider the cyclic pattern of the political process in the post-Soviet Republic of Georgia, focusing our attention on the gradual change in dynamics and the speciﬁ c pattern of political cyclicity in a transitional society. The main ﬁnding is that at the early stage of transition the cycle is more uneven and tends to reveal itself in civil unrest and is not coupled with electoral cyclicity, even if unrest may sometimes be prompted by an electoral event (as in the case of the Rose Revolution of 2003). We argue that in hybrid regimes like Georgia the nature of the political cycle subsequently changes with the gradual consolidation of democracy and strengthening of democratic institutions, while civil unrest is replaced by evolutionary rather than revolutionary processes.

References

Atanesian G., Armenians step up their demands in a fourth summer of protest, “The Guardian” [online], 30 VII 2016 [accessed: 7 VI 2019], available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/30/armenia-hostage-police-station-fourth-summer-of-protest>.
Berge T. J., Has globalization increased the synchronicity of international business cycles?, “Economic Review” 2012, third quarter, available at: <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2166923> [accessed: 7 VI 2019].
Blauvelt T., Status shift and ethnic mobilisation in the March 1956 events in Georgia, “Europe-Asia Studies” 2009, vol. 61, issue 4.
Carothers T., The end of the transition paradigm, “Journal of Democracy” 2002, vol. 13, No. 1, available at: <http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/article/end-transition-paradigm> [ac-cessed: 7 VI 2019].
Dolidze A., Analysis of the October amendments to the Constitution of Georgia, “I−CONnect” [online], 27 XI 2010 [accessed: 7 VI 2019], available at: <http://www.iconnectblog.com/2010/1/analysis-of-the-october-amendments-to-the-constitution-of-georgia/>.
Evans R. J., The Third Reich in history and memory, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2015.
Fukuyama F., The end of history?, “The National Interest” 1989, No. 16, available at: < https://www.embl.de/aboutus/science_society/discussion/discussion_2006/ref1−22june06.pdf> [accessed: 7 VI 2019].
Georgia. A country study, ed. G. E. Curtis, GPO for the Library of Congress, Washington 1994.
Goertzel T., Generational cycles in mass psychology. Implications for the George W. Bush administration, Rutgers University Press, Camden, NJ 2001, available at: <http://www.crab.rutgers.edu/~goertzel/cycles.htm> [accessed: 7 VI 2019].
Hobsbawm E., Age of extremes. The short twentieth century 1914−1991, Abacus, London 1999.
Mason P., Why it’s kicking off everywhere. The new global revolutions, Verso, London 2012.
Modelski G., Long cycles in world politics, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1987.
Nordhaus W. D., The political business cycles, “Review of Economic Studies” 1975, vol. 42, No. 2.
Schlesinger A. M. Jr., The cycles of American history, Houghton Mifﬂ in, New York 1999.
Schmidt E., Cohen J., The new digital age. Reshaping the future of people, nations and business, Knopf, London 2008.
Schumpeter J. A., Business cycles. A theoretical, historical, and statistical analysis of the capitalist process, McGraw-Hill, New York–London 1939.
Schwab K., The fourth industrial revolution, World Economic Forum, Geneva 2016.
Shi M., Svensson J., Political budget cycles. A review of recent developments, “Nordic Journal of Political Economy” 2003, vol. 29, available at: <http://www.nopecjournal.org/NOPEC_2003_a04.pdf> [accessed: 7 VI 2019].
Sismondi J. Ch. de, New principles of political economy, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ 1990.
Solomou S., Phases of economic growth 1850−1973. Kondratieff waves and Kuznets swings, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge–New York 1990.
Sorokin P. A., Social and cultural dynamics, Sargent, Boston 1970.
Thornton L., Turmanidze K., Public attitudes in Georgia. Results of an April 2017 survey carried out for NDI by CRRC Georgia, NDI, Tbilisi 2017, available at: <https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/ﬁles/NDI_April_2017_political%20Presentation_ENG_version%20ﬁnal.pdf> [accessed: 7 VI 2019].
Tilly Ch., The politics of collective violence, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2003.
Transnational protest and global activism. People, passions, and power, ed. D. della Porta, S. Tarrow, Rowman & Littleﬁeld, Lanham–Boulder–New York–Toronto–Oxford 2004, available at: <https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o3E7r.6WgKwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false> [accessed: 7 VI 2019].

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Similar Articles

Katarzyna Pisarska, Soft power in times of the plague: the winners and losers of first wave of COVID-19 (winter-summer 2020) , Sprawy Międzynarodowe: Vol. 73 No. 3 (2020): Westlessness czyli zmierzch Zachodu 2.0?
Aleksandra Gawlikowska-Fyk , Bogumiła Mucha-Leszko, Magdalena Kąkol, Relationships between France’s integration policy and the development of European energy policy , Sprawy Międzynarodowe: Vol. 75 No. 3/4 (2022): Francuska Europa? / Polityka energetyczna a energia przyszłości
Marcin Koczan, US and EU - Political Allies, Geoeconomic Rivals? , Sprawy Międzynarodowe: Vol. 76 No. 3/4 (2023): Economy in Times of Energy Crisis
Katarzyna Golik, Polityczny renesans w cieniu gospodarki , Sprawy Międzynarodowe: Vol. 72 No. 2 (2019): Kryzys na świecie - świat w kryzysie
Stanisław Czesław Kozłowski, The Asia-Pacific region in transition , Sprawy Międzynarodowe: Vol. 73 No. 3 (2020): Westlessness czyli zmierzch Zachodu 2.0?
Agnieszka Szpak, Joanna Modrzyńska, Michał Dahl, The role of cities in times of crisis of multilateralism , Sprawy Międzynarodowe: Vol. 74 No. 1 (2021): Powrót miast. Miasta przyszłości
Krzysztof Wasilewski, Cities and memory paradiplomacy , Sprawy Międzynarodowe: Vol. 74 No. 1 (2021): Powrót miast. Miasta przyszłości
Paweł Kowal, Jakub Bornio, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia. South Caucasus at a crossroads? , Sprawy Międzynarodowe: Vol. 74 No. 4 (2021): Kaukaz Południowy na rozdrożu
Paweł Kowal, Georgia in Polish politics in 1991−2009 , Sprawy Międzynarodowe: Vol. 74 No. 4 (2021): Kaukaz Południowy na rozdrożu
Katarzyna Kosowska, Economic security of the Republic of Azerbaijan during the economic transformation of the 1990s. , Sprawy Międzynarodowe: Vol. 74 No. 4 (2021): Kaukaz Południowy na rozdrożu

1 2 > >>

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

[1] Atanesian G., Armenians step up their demands in a fourth summer of protest, “The Guardian” [online], 30 VII 2016 [accessed: 7 VI 2019], available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/30/armenia-hostage-police-station-fourth-summer-of-protest>.

[2] Berge T. J., Has globalization increased the synchronicity of international business cycles?, “Economic Review” 2012, third quarter, available at: <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2166923> [accessed: 7 VI 2019].

[3] Blauvelt T., Status shift and ethnic mobilisation in the March 1956 events in Georgia, “Europe-Asia Studies” 2009, vol. 61, issue 4.

[4] Carothers T., The end of the transition paradigm, “Journal of Democracy” 2002, vol. 13, No. 1, available at: <http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/article/end-transition-paradigm> [ac-cessed: 7 VI 2019].

[5] Dolidze A., Analysis of the October amendments to the Constitution of Georgia, “I−CONnect” [online], 27 XI 2010 [accessed: 7 VI 2019], available at: <http://www.iconnectblog.com/2010/1/analysis-of-the-october-amendments-to-the-constitution-of-georgia/>.

[6] Evans R. J., The Third Reich in history and memory, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2015.

[7] Fukuyama F., The end of history?, “The National Interest” 1989, No. 16, available at: < https://www.embl.de/aboutus/science_society/discussion/discussion_2006/ref1−22june06.pdf> [accessed: 7 VI 2019].

[8] Georgia. A country study, ed. G. E. Curtis, GPO for the Library of Congress, Washington 1994.

[9] Goertzel T., Generational cycles in mass psychology. Implications for the George W. Bush administration, Rutgers University Press, Camden, NJ 2001, available at: <http://www.crab.rutgers.edu/~goertzel/cycles.htm> [accessed: 7 VI 2019].

[10] Hobsbawm E., Age of extremes. The short twentieth century 1914−1991, Abacus, London 1999.

[11] Mason P., Why it’s kicking off everywhere. The new global revolutions, Verso, London 2012.

[12] Modelski G., Long cycles in world politics, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1987.

[13] Nordhaus W. D., The political business cycles, “Review of Economic Studies” 1975, vol. 42, No. 2.

[14] Schlesinger A. M. Jr., The cycles of American history, Houghton Mifﬂ in, New York 1999.

[15] Schmidt E., Cohen J., The new digital age. Reshaping the future of people, nations and business, Knopf, London 2008.

[16] Schumpeter J. A., Business cycles. A theoretical, historical, and statistical analysis of the capitalist process, McGraw-Hill, New York–London 1939.

[17] Schwab K., The fourth industrial revolution, World Economic Forum, Geneva 2016.

[18] Shi M., Svensson J., Political budget cycles. A review of recent developments, “Nordic Journal of Political Economy” 2003, vol. 29, available at: <http://www.nopecjournal.org/NOPEC_2003_a04.pdf> [accessed: 7 VI 2019].

[19] Sismondi J. Ch. de, New principles of political economy, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ 1990.

[20] Solomou S., Phases of economic growth 1850−1973. Kondratieff waves and Kuznets swings, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge–New York 1990.

[21] Sorokin P. A., Social and cultural dynamics, Sargent, Boston 1970.

[22] Thornton L., Turmanidze K., Public attitudes in Georgia. Results of an April 2017 survey carried out for NDI by CRRC Georgia, NDI, Tbilisi 2017, available at: <https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/ﬁles/NDI_April_2017_political%20Presentation_ENG_version%20ﬁnal.pdf> [accessed: 7 VI 2019].

[23] Tilly Ch., The politics of collective violence, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2003.

[24] Transnational protest and global activism. People, passions, and power, ed. D. della Porta, S. Tarrow, Rowman & Littleﬁeld, Lanham–Boulder–New York–Toronto–Oxford 2004, available at: <https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o3E7r.6WgKwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false> [accessed: 7 VI 2019].