Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Vol. 50 No. 2 (2022)

International relations

Party or Papal Authority? The Rationale for and Implications of the Vatican’s Rapprochement with China

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35757/STP.2022.50.2.01
Submitted: March 1, 2022
Published: October 28, 2022

Abstract

The majority of the ten million Catholics in the People’s Republic of China belong to the so-called ‘official church’, which is under the authority of the Chinese government and does not officially recognise the primacy of the pope. The remaining group is united in an ‘underground’ church whose bishops are not designated or approved by the Chinese authorities. In September 2018, the Vatican and the People’s Republic of China reached an agreement whereby the pope was granted the right to vote on the nomination of bishops in the official church. In return, the Holy See recognised at least some bishops previously designated by the communist authorities. This article examines the rationale behind the conclusion of this historic agreement, which is part of the ongoing normalisation of Vatican-Chinese relations, and its direct consequences, both on the bilateral level and for the third parties – in particular, Taiwan. The article argues that, as it stands, the agreement is primarily beneficial for the People’s Republic of China in terms of its practical consequences, as well as its political and propagandist potential.

References

  1. Brockhaus H., Agreement Reached on Permanent Holy See Representative to Vietnam, Catholic News Agency, 23.07.2019, https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/42089/agreement-reached-on-permanent-holy-see-representative-to-vietnam [dostęp 20.07.2021].
  2. Cahill L., The Realism of Holy See Foreign Policy, E-International Relations, 27.02.2017, http://www.e-ir.info/2017/02/27/the-realism-of-holy-see-foreign-policy/ [dostęp 25.05.2022].
  3. Cardinal Joseph Zen: Why a Vatican-China Deal Will Harm Catholics, Al Jazeera, 12.05.2018, https://www.aljazeera.com/program/talk-to-al-jazeera/2018/5/12/cardinal-joseph-zen-why-a-vatican-china-deal-will-harm-catholics [dostęp 20.05.2018].
  4. ‘China Is the Best Implementer of Catholic Social Doctrine,’ Says Vatican Bishop, Catholic Herald, 6.02.2018, https://catholicherald.co.uk/china-is-the-best-implementer-of-catholic-social-doctrine-says-vatican-bishop/ [dostęp 20.05.2022].
  5. Cheng S., New Leader of Hong Kong’s 400,000 Catholics Says Church Will ‘Passively Cooperate’ in City Politics, Hong Kong Free Press, 18.05.2021, https://hongkongfp.com/2021/05/18/new-leader-of-hong-kongs-400000-catholics-says-church-will-passively-cooperate-in-city-politics/ [dostęp 19.05.2021].
  6. Chu T.L., Vatican Diplomacy in China and Vietnam, w: Religion and Public Diplomacy, red. P. Seib, Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2013.
  7. Gagliarducci A., Vietnam Likely the Model for Deal between China and Vatican, Crux, 4.11.2016, https://cruxnow.com/globalchurch/2016/11/vietnam-likely-model-deal-china-vatican/ [dostęp 20.07.2021].
  8. Kowalski B., Central and Eastern Europe, China’s Core Interests, and the Limits of Relational Politics: Lessons from the Czech Republic in the 2010s, „East European Politics and Societies” 2022, t. 36, nr 1, s. 51–74.
  9. Leung B., Sino-Vatican Relations at the Century’s Turn, „Journal of Contemporary China” 2015, t. 14, nr 43, s. 353–370.
  10. Łaski P., K. Słotwińska, Stolica Apostolska a Państwo-Miasta Watykan. Kilka uwag o wspólnej podmiotowości prawnomiędzynarodowej, „Kościół i Prawo” 2021, t. 10 (23), nr 1, s. 57–68.
  11. Magister S., China and the Vatican: The Points of Disagreement, Chiesa, 10.09.2003, http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/6974%26eng%3Dy.html [dostęp 20.02.2021].
  12. Marres C., Cardinal Parolin Hopes Zen Arrest Will Not Complicate Vatican-China Dialogue, Catholic News Agency, 13.05.2022, https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/251230/cardinal-parolin-hopes-cardinal-zen-arrest-will-not-complicate-vatican-china-dialogue [dostęp 15.05.2022].
  13. Oliver R., The Vatican, Chinese Catholicism and the Diplomatic Isolation of Taiwan, „China Brief” 2021, t. 21, nr 4, https://jamestown.org/program/the-vatican-chinese-catholicism-and-the-diplomatic-isolation-of-taiwan/ [dostęp 28.03.2021].
  14. Pomfret J., A.M. Roantree, Leading Asian Cardinal Calls for Vatican Foreign Minister to Resign over China Dealings, Reuters, 20.09.2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-vatican-zen-idUSKCN1M025C [dostęp 20.03.2020].
  15. Pompeo R.M., https://twitter.com/secpompeo/status/1307366983890018311?lang=en [dostęp 20.10.2020].
  16. Pompeo R.M., China’s Catholics and the Church’s Moral Witness, „First Things”, 18.09.2020, https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2020/09/chinas-catholics-and-the-churchs-moral-witness [dostęp 19.10.2020].
  17. Poniewierski J., Jeden krok, „Znak”, marzec 2019, https://www.miesiecznik.znak.com.pl/jeden-krok-deklaracja-z-abu-zabi/ [dostęp 20.04.2020].
  18. Pope Francis, A. Ivereigh, Let Us Dream: The Path to a Better Future, Simon&Schuster, New York 2020.
  19. Pullella P., Exclusive: Pope Hopes China Deal on Bishops Will Be Renewed Soon, Reuters, 5.07.2022, https://www.reuters.com/world/exclusive-pope-hopes-china-deal-bishops-will-be-renewed-soon-2022-07-05/ [dostęp 5.07.2022].
  20. Pullella P., Pope Defends Deal with China, Says Dialogue Necessary, Reuters, 1.09.2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/china/pope-defends-deal-with-china-says-dialogue-necessary-2021-09-01/ [dostęp 5.10.2021].
  21. Pullella P., Vatican, China, Hold Extremely Rare High-level Diplomatic Meeting, Reuters, 14.03.2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vatican-china/vatican-china-hold-extremely-rare-high-level-diplomatic-meeting-idUSKBN2082JJ [dostęp 15.02.2020].
  22. Religa M., Współczesna polityka Chin wobec religii, „Roczniki Humanistyczne” 2020, t. 68, LXVIII, z. 9.
  23. Rowiński J., Chiny a Stolica Apostolska. Stosunki wzajemne i ich międzynarodowe implikacje, Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych, Warszawa 1991.
  24. Sanger E.D., E. Wong, J. Horowitz, The Vatican Is Said To Be Hacked From China Before Talks With Beijing, „New York Times”, 28.07.2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/28/us/politics/china-vaticanhack.html [dostęp 20.07.2021].
  25. Szczudlik-Tatar J., Relacje chińsko-watykańskie w okresie pontyfikatu Benedykta XVI (2005–2009) – perspektywy nawiązania stosunków dyplomatycznych, w: Chiny w stosunkach międzynarodowych, red. M. Pietrasiak, D. Mierzejewski, Wydawnictwo Ibidem, Łódź 2012.
  26. Tornielli A., The Holy See and China: Reasons for Agreement on Appointment of Bishops, Vatican News, 29.09.2020, https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2020-09/holy-see-china-provisional-agreement-appointment-bishops.html [dostęp 15.03.2021].
  27. Torode G., Special Report-Nuns Arrested as Beijing Turns up Heat on Church in Hong Kong, Reuters, 30.12.2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-security-church-specialrepor/special-report-nuns-arrested-as-beijing-turns-up-heat-on-church-in-hongkong-idUSKBN294180 [dostęp 15.04.2021].
  28. Troy J., The Catholic Church and International Relations, Oxford Handbooks Online, April 2016, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2627477 [dostęp 20.06.2022].
  29. Troy J., The Catholic Church: An Underestimated and Necessary Actor in International Affairs, „Georgetown Journal of International Affairs” 2008, t. 9, nr 1, s. 65–73.
  30. Troy J., ‘The Pope’s Own Hand Outstretched’: Holy See Diplomacy as a Hybrid Mode of Diplomatic Agency, „The British Journal of Politics and International Relations” 2018, t. 20, nr 3, DOI: 10.1177/1369148118772247.
  31. Tylkowski M., Ku normalizacji? Relacje Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego z władzami Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej po 1949 roku, „Azja–Pacyfik” 2020, nr 23.
  32. Valente G., Pope Pardons „Illicit” Bishops, Erects Chinese Diocese, „La Stampa”, 24.09.2019, https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/en/2018/09/24/news/pope-pardons-illicit-bishops-erects-chinese-diocese-1.34047262 [dostęp 25.07.2021].
  33. Wang P., The Sistine Chapel Choir Will Not Sing in Beijing, AsiaNews.it, 25.08.2014, http://www.asianews.it/news-en/The-Sistine-Chapel-choir-will-not-sing-in-Beijing-31971.html [dostęp 28.04.2021].
  34. Weigel P., Pope Francis Is Playacting Realpolitik, Foreign Policy, 15.02.2018, https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/15/pope-francis-is-playacting-realpolitik/ [dostęp 20.06.2022].
  35. Weigel G., Świadek nadziei. Biografia Jana Pawła II, tłum. M. Tarnowska et al., Grupa Wydawnicza Bertelsmann Media, Warszawa 2001.
  36. Winfield N., Pompeo, Vatican Clash over China after Tensions Spill out, APN, 1.10.2020, https://apnews.com/article/beijing-elections-campaigns-rome-china-8e662c8fc000dbc54b1534144b982900 [dostęp 5.10.2020].
  37. Wodecki B., Stolica Apostolska a Chiny współczesne. Dokumenty i wypowiedzi Papieży dotyczące Chin czasów nowszych, Seminarium Duchowne Księży Werbistów, Pieniężno 2002.
  38. Xi Jinping: quanmian tigao xin xingshi xia zongjiao gongzuo shuiping [Xi Jinping: w nowej sytuacji podnosić pracę religijną na wyższy poziom], CPCnews.com, 24.04.2016, http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0424/c64094-28299870.html [dostęp 20.10.2021].
  39. Zheng Ruolin duihua zhu Fa dashi Lu Shaye: Women xianzai waijiao fenge bian le, nimen yao shiying women xin de fenge [Zheng Ruoling rozmawia z ambasadorem we Francji Lu Shaye: „styl naszej dyplomacji zmienił się, [a] wy musicie się dostosować do naszego nowego stylu”], Guancha, 16.06.2021, https://www.guancha.cn/lushaye/2021_06_16_594555_s.shtml [dostęp 17.04.2021].

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.