The defense transformation program has been outlined in numerous security and defense policy documents. Despite concrete decisions, the implementation of the changes has not yet reached critical mass and is at a standstill. So far, this is manifested in the lack of a secure continuation of the sustained increase in defense spending, the complicated reform of the Bundeswehr, and the ambivalent nature of military assistance to Ukraine. Regardless of the preferences of the governing coalition parties, the factors influencing the implementation of changes and incomplete results are to be found in the nature of German defense policy, namely constitutional constraints, as well as the deficient design of security policy institutions (the Ministry of Defense, the Bundeswehr) and the inconsistent relationship between the state and the arms industry. The article analyzes the impact of these factors on the transformation of security policy in three areas: defense spending, the problems of Bundeswehr reform, and Germany’s commitment to strengthening collective defense within NATO.
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