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Tom 51 Nr 4 (2007): Okiem antropologa

Artykuły i rozprawy

Chiński teatr duchów

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35757/KiS.2007.51.4.8
Przesłane: 2 sierpnia 2023
Opublikowane: 19 grudnia 2007

Abstrakt

Around five millennia ago the Chinese developed spectacular rituals concerning afterlife beliefs. Funerals could always been perceived as theatre-like cultural performances. The ancestor cult is a base for Chinese morality. Theatrical performances are one of the means of ghosts worship. Until recently the performance of mourning could have been considered a social spectacle.
The classical music theatre of China (xiqu) constitutes a vivid illustration of beliefs in constant commune with souls of the dead. Traditional dramatic literature provides many examples of female-ghost characters. They are usually protagonists, who put a moral thesis forward and convey the educational message of the theatre piece. Actors’ make-up as well as theatre puppets have presumably funeral origins. Afterlife beliefs could be regarded as one of the sources of Chinese theatre.

Bibliografia

  • Dean Kenneth, 1989, Lei Yu-Sheng («Thunder is noisy») and Mu-lien in the Theatrical and Funerary Traditions of Fukien, w: David Johnson (red.), Ritual Opera, Operatic Ritual: «Mu-lien Rescues His Mother» in Chinese Popular Culture, University of California, Oakland.
  • Glahn Richard von, 2004, The Sinister Way: The Divine and the Demonic in Chinese Religious Culture, University of California Press, Berkeley–Los Angeles–London.
  • Krzywda, 1962, Krzywda Tou O, czyli śnieg w lecie, tłum. Olgierd Wojtasiewicz, Tadeusz Żbikowski, „Dialog” nr 5.
  • Kutcher Norman, 1999, Mourning in Late Imperial China: Filial Piety and the State, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Mei, 1960, Mei — kwiat śliwy, tłum. z ros. Włodzimierz Wowczuk, Anna Marciszewska, Książka i Wiedza, Warszawa [zbiór nowel i opowieści z okresu dynastii Tang (618–906)].
  • Seeger Elizabeth, 1948, The Pageant of Chinese History, Longmans Green, New York.
  • Sławińska Irena (Hu Peifang), 2004, Chińszczyzna, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń.
  • Tang Rinnie, 1982, From the Funeral Mask to the Painted Face of the Chinese Theatre, „The Drama Review” nr 4 (96).
  • Teiser Stephen F., 1989, The Ritual Behind the Opera: A Fragmentary Ethnography of the Ghost Festival, A.D. 400–1900, w: David Johnson (red.), Ritual Opera, Operatic Ritual: «Mu-lien Rescues His Mother» in Chinese Popular Culture, University of California, Oakland.
  • Walters Derek, 1996, Mitologia Chin, tłum. Wisława Szkudlarczyk, Rebis, Poznań. Xue Ruolin (red.), 1996, The Art of Chinese Ritual Masks, Jiangxi Fine Arts Publishing House, Jiangxi.
  • Watson James, Rawski Evelyn S. (red.), 1988, Death Ritual in Late Imperial and Modern China, University of California Press, Berkeley.

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