Before the Partitions of Poland, the east territories of the country were inhabited by several nations and ethnic groups. However, from a later perspective, in particular the contemporary one, this common past is differently assessed by particular groups. The common (historical) path divides more than reconciles them. This also applies to the area of terms and definitions. This refers in particular to the civilisation mission of Poland in the East. It was often misunderstood and even condemned. In contemporary times, the countries that were established in the former Polish territories cannot develop relations with Poland due to the historical circumstances. This article analyses examples of the most common conflicts and suggests possible solutions.