Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
KiS baner

Vol. 64 No. 3 (2020): DESIGNING CHILDHOOD

From the Research Workshops

Hate Speech as Stigmatization: The Experience of Hate Speech among Foreign Students and Immigrants in Poland

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35757/KiS.2020.64.3.10
Submitted: March 1, 2021
Published: September 21, 2020

Abstract

Hate speech can have very serious consequences for the health of its victims and may also be associated with stigmatization and with forcing members of a group to hide their identity. Groups that often encounter hate speech in Poland are Ukrainians and foreign students at Polish universities. The results of two studies conducted among economic immigrants from Ukraine and foreign students at the University of Warsaw indicate a relationship between exposure to hate speech and the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder, more severe symptoms of depression, lower self-esteem, and negative affect. Among immigrants from Ukraine, more frequent contact with hate speech was also associated with avoiding the use of their native language in the presence of Poles and other Ukrainians. The research results clearly show the negative consequences of hate speech.

References

  1. Allport Gordon, 1954, The Nature of Prejudice, Addison-Wesley, Cambridge, MA.
  2. Bilewicz Michał, Marchlewska Marta, Soral Wiktor, Winiewski Mikołaj, 2014, Mowa nienawiści. Raport z badań sondażowych, Fundacja im. Stefana Batorego, Warszawa.
  3. Brown Alexander, 2017, What Is Hate Speech? Part 1: The Myth of Hate, „Law and Philosophy”, t. 36, s. 419–468.
  4. Brunarska Zuzanna, Grotte Małgorzata, Lesińska Magdalena, 2012, Migracje obywateli Ukrainy do Polski w kontekście rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego: stan obecny, polityka, transfery pieniężne, Ośrodek Badań nad Migracjami Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego (http://www.migracje.uw.edu.pl).
  5. Butler Judith, 2010, Walczące słowa. Mowa nienawiści i polityka performatywu, tłum. A. Ostolski, Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej, Warszawa.
  6. Chmielewska Iza, Dobroczek Grzegorz, Panuciak Adam, 2018, Obywatele Ukrainy pracujący w Polsce — raport z badania, Departament Statystyki NBP, Warszawa.
  7. Crosby Faye, 1984, The Denial of Personal Discrimination, „American Behavioral Scientist”, t. 27(3), s. 371–386.
  8. Dąbrowski Paweł (red.), 2012, Praca przymusowa imigrantów w Polsce: Analiza na przykładzie społeczności ukraińskiej i wietnamskiej, Centre of Migration Research, Warszawa.
  9. Diener Ed, Emmons Robert, Larsen Randy, Griffin Sharon, 1985, The Satisfaction with Life Scale, „Journal of Personality Assessment”, t. 49(1), s. 71–75.
  10. Eidheim Harald, 1969, When Ethnic Identity is a Social Stigma, w: Frederik Barth (red.), Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.
  11. Evans Carol, 1996, Ethnolinguistic Vitality, Prejudice, and Family Language Transmission, „Bilingual Research Journal”, t. 20(2), s. 177–207.
  12. Galloway Fred, Jenkins John, 2005, The Adjustment Problems Faced by International Students in the United States: A Comparison of International Students and Administrative Perceptions at Two Private, Religiously Affiliated Universities, „NASPA Journal”, t. 46(4), s. 175–187.
  13. Giles Howard, Johnson Patricia, 1987, Ethnolinguistic Identity Theory: A Social Psychological Approach to Language Maintenance, „International Journal of Sociology of Language”, t. 68, s. 69–99.
  14. Giles Howard, Ogay Tania, 2007, Communication Accommodation Theory, w: Brian Whaley, Wendy Samter (red.), Explaining Communication: Contemporary Theories and Exemplars, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
  15. Goffman Erving, 2005, Piętno. Rozważania o zranionej tożsamości, [tłum. Joanna Tokarska-Bakir, Aleksandra Dzierżyńska], Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne, Gdańsk.
  16. Hansen Maj, Andersen Tony, Armour Cherie, Elklit Ask, Palic Sabina, Mackrill Thomas, 2010, PTSD-8: A Short PTSD Inventory, „Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health”, t. 6, s. 101–108.
  17. Jankowski Konrad, 2015, Is the Shift in Chronotype Associated with an Alteration in Well-Being? „Biological Rhythm Research”, t. 46, s. 237–248.
  18. Jurek Krzysztof, 2018, Stereotypy na temat Ukraińców funkcjonujące w Polsce, w: Michał Lubicz-Miszewski (red.), Imigranci z Ukrainy w Polsce. Potrzeby i oczekiwania, reakcje społeczne, wyzwania dla bezpieczeństwa, Wydawnictwo Akademii Wojsk Lądowych, Wrocław.
  19. Klebeko Barbara, 2018, Zagrożenia związane z handlem ludźmi. Wykorzystywanie obywateli Ukrainy do pracy przymusowej, w: Michał Lubicz-Miszewski (red.), Imigranci z Ukrainy w Polsce. Potrzeby i oczekiwania, reakcje społeczne, wyzwania dla bezpieczeństwa, Wydawnictwo Akademii Wojsk Lądowych, Wrocław.
  20. Kroenke Kurt, Spitzer Robert, Williams Janet, 2001, The PHQ-9: Validity of a Brief Depression Severity Measure, „Journal of General Internal Medicine”, t. 16(9), s. 606–613.
  21. Leader Tirza, Mullen Brian, Rice Diana, 2009, Complexity and Valence in Ethnophaulisms and Exclusion of Ethnic Out-Groups: What Puts the “Hate” Into Hate Speech? „Journal of Personality and Social Psychology”, t. 96(1), s. 170–182.
  22. Lee Jenny, Rice Charles, 2007, Welcome to America? International student perceptions of discrimination, „Higher Education”, t. 53, s. 381–409.
  23. Leets Laura 2002, Experiencing Hate Speech: Perceptions and Responses to Anti-Semitism and Antigay Speech, „Journal of Social Issues”, t. 58(2), s. 341–361.
  24. Leets Laura, Giles Howard, 1997, Words as Weapons: When Do They Wound? Investigations of Harmful Speech, „Human Communication Research”, t. 24(2), s. 260–301.
  25. Leets Laura, Giles Howard, 1999, Harmful Speech in Intergroup Encounters: An Organizational Framework for Communication Research, „Annals of the International Communication Association”, t. 22(1), s. 91–137.
  26. Matysiak Ilona, 2014, Ethnic Identity as Stigma in Life Experiences of Different Generations: The Case of Belarusian and Ukrainian Minorities in Poland, „Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity”, t. 42(6), s. 1002–1014.
  27. Molero Fernando, Fuster Maria, Jetten Jolanda, Moriano Juan, 2011, Living with HIV/AIDS: A Psychosocial Perspective on Coping with Prejudice and Discrimination, „Journal of Applied Social Psychology”, t. 41(3), s. 609–626.
  28. Monzó Lilia, Rueda Robert, 2009, Passing for English Fluent: Latino Immigrant Children Masking Language Proficiency, „Anthropology and Education Quarterly”, t. 40(1), s. 20–40.
  29. Mori Sakurako 2000, Addressing the Mental Health Concerns of International Students, „Journal of Counseling and Development”, t. 78(2), s. 137–144.
  30. Mullen Brian, Rice Diana, 2003, Ethnophaulisms and Exclusion: The Behavioral Consequences of Cognitive Representation of Ethnic Immigrant Groups, „Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin”, t. 29, s. 1056–1067.
  31. Mullen Brian, Smyth Joshua, 2004, Immigrant Suicide Rates as a Function of Ethnophaulisms: Hate Speech Predicts Death, „Psychosomatic Medicine”, t. 66(3), s. 343–348.
  32. Newheiser Anna-Kaisa, Barreto Manuela, 2014, Hidden Costs of Hiding Stigma: Ironic Interpersonal Consequences of Concealing a Stigmatized Identity in Social Interactions, „Journal of Experimental Social Psychology”, t. 52, s. 58–70.
  33. Poyrazli Senel, Lopez Marcos, 2007, An Exploratory Study of Perceived Discrimination and Homesickness: A Comparison of International Students and American Student, „The Journal of Psychology. Interdisciplinary and Applied”, t. 141(3), s. 263–280.
  34. Polko Paulina, 2018, Percepcja bezpieczeństwa obywateli Ukrainy przebywających w Polsce w świetle dostępnych badań, w: Michał Lubicz-Miszewski (red.), Imigranci z Ukrainy w Polsce. Potrzeby i oczekiwania, reakcje społeczne, wyzwania dla bezpieczeństwa, Wydawnictwo Akademii Wojsk Lądowych, Wrocław.
  35. Quinn Diane, Earnshaw Valerie, 2013, Concealable Stigmatized Identities and Psychological Well-Being, „Social and Personality Psychology Compass”, t. 7(1), s. 40–51.
  36. Robins Richard, Hendin Holly, Trzesniewski Kali, 2001, Measuring Global Self-Esteem: Construct Validation of a Single-Item Measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, „Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin”, t. 27(2), s. 151–161.
  37. Rosenberg Morris, 1965, Society and the Adolescent Self-Image, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
  38. Rosenthal Doreen, Russell Jean, Thomson Gary, 2006, The Health and Wellbeing of International Students at an Australian University, „Higher Education”, t. 55(51), s. 51–67.
  39. Sobański Piotr 2019, Zagadnienie możliwości i celowości zdefiniowania tzw. mowy nienawiści (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335313156_Zagadnienie_mozliwosci_i_celowosci_zdefiniowania_tzw_mowy_nienawisci).
  40. Tajfel Henri, Turner John, 1979, An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict, w: W. G. Austin, S. Worchel (red.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, Brooks-Cole, Monterey, CA.
  41. Thompson Edmund, 2007, Development and Validation of an Internationally Reliable Short-Form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), „Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology”, t. 38(2), s. 227–242.
  42. Tyma Piotr (red.), 2019, Mniejszość ukraińska i migranci z Ukrainy w Polsce. Analiza dyskursu, Związek Ukraińców w Polsce, Warszawa.
  43. Valenta Marko, 2009, Immigrants’ Identity Negotiations and Coping with Stigma in Different Relational Frames, „Symbolic Interaction”, t. 32(4), s. 351–371.
  44. Watson David, Clark Lee Anna, Tellegen Auke, 1988, Development and Validation of Brief Measure of Positive and Negative Affect: PANAS Scale, „Journal of Personality and Social Psychology”, t. 54(6), s. 1063–1070.
  45. Winiewski Mikołaj, Hansen Karolina, Bilewicz Michał, Soral Wiktor, Świderska Aleksandra, Bulska Dominika, 2017, Mowa nienawiści, mowa pogardy Raport z badania przemocy werbalnej wobec grup mniejszościowych, Fundacja Stefana Batorego, Warszawa.
  46. Wiśniewski Daniel, 2018, Sposób postrzegania studentów ukraińskich przez ich kolegów z Polski jako konsekwencja „ukrainizacji” Uniwersytetu Opolskiego, w: Michał Lubicz-Miszewski (red.), Imigranci z Ukrainy w Polsce. Potrzeby i oczekiwania, reakcje społeczne, wyzwania dla bezpieczeństwa, Wydawnictwo Akademii Wojsk Lądowych, Wrocław.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Similar Articles

<< < 1 2 3 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.