Energy sovereignty within the European Union (EU) has been undergoing significant transformation due to the intersecting pressures of climate policy, market integration, and geopolitical instability. Although article 194(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union affirms the authority of the member states to determine their energy mix, recent initiatives such as the Fit for 55 package, the REPowerEU Plan, and solidarity mechanisms for gas and electricity have increased EU’s influence over national energy strategies. This paper examines the operation of sovereignty within this evolving framework of interdependence. Its authors contend that energy sovereignty in the EU has shifted from an absolute concept to a negotiated competence, mediated by legal, financial, and infrastructural interconnections.
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