The failure of modern urbanism has led to a reconsideration of city goals, and the means for achieving these goals. This shift was apparent in the second half of 20th century. Emerging metaphors like city text, city collage, city palimpsest, etc. replaced the predominant modern metaphor of the machine. Theory and practice has focused on a new urban visions and its commodification. As a result, we are all, in some sense, now living on the border between modern and postmodern utopian/dystopian cities.
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